Electroencephalography as a Tool for Assessment of Brain Ischemic Alterations after Open Heart Operations

Cardiac surgery is commonly associated with brain ischemia. Few studies addressed brain electric activity changes after on-pump operations. Eyes closed EEG was performed in 22 patients (mean age: 45.2 ± 11.2) before and two weeks after valve replacement. Spouses of patients were invited to participate as controls. Generalized increase of beta power most prominent in beta-1 band was an unambiguous pathological sign of postoperative cortex dysfunction, probably, manifesting due to gamma-activity slowing (“beta buzz” symptom). Generalized postoperative increase of delta-1 mean frequency along with increase of slow-wave activity in right posterior region may be hypothesized to be a consequence of intraoperative ischemia as well. At the same time, significant changes of alpha activity were observed in both patient and control groups, and, therefore, may be considered as physiological. Unexpectedly, controls showed prominent increase of electric activity in left temporal region whereas patients were deficient in left hemisphere activity in comparison with controls at postoperative followup. Further research is needed in order to determine the true neurological meaning of the EEG findings after on-pump operations

Size of Left Cardiac Chambers Correlates with Cerebral Microembolic Load in Open Heart Operations

Background. Microemboli are a widely recognized etiological factor of cerebral complications in cardiac surgery patients. The present study was aimed to determine if size of left cardiac chambers relates to cerebral microembolic load in open heart operations. Methods. Thirty patients participated in the study. Echocardiography was performed in 2-3 days before surgery. A transcranial Doppler system was used for registering intraoperative microemboli. Results. Preoperative left atrium and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic sizes significantly correlated with intraoperative microembolic load (rs = 0.48, 0.57 and 0.53, Ps < .01, resp.). The associations between left ventricular diameters and number of cerebral microemboli remained significant when cardiopulmonary bypass time was included as a covariate into the analysis. Conclusions. The present results demonstrate that increased size of left heart chambers is an influential risk factor for elevated cerebral microembolic load during open heart operations. Mini-invasive surgery and carbon dioxide insufflation into wound cavity may be considered as neuroprotective approaches in patients with high risk of cerebral microembolism

Perioperative glycemic control in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: results of pilot study

BACKGROUND: According to different studies, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is associated with higher mortality after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Perioperative hyperglycaemia, even in non-DM2 patients, is associated with adverse outcomes after CABG. Thus, successful perioperative blood glucose control (BGC) is mandatory to reduce the risk of death and postoperative complications. Nowadays, the most effective method for BGC in the operating room is still unknown. AIMS: To assess the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) efficacy in association with insulin pump therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and DM2 undergoing CABG in intra- and early postoperative periods. METHODS: The study involved 97 patients undergoing isolated CABG. Patients were divided into two groups: 48 patients with DM2 and 49 patients without DM2. In both groups of patients, we used CGM in intra- and early postoperative periods (72 hours). In some patients with DM2, CGM was associated with insulin pump therapy (MiniMed Paradigm Veo 554/754) to successfully control postoperative glucose level. Besides commonly used tests (such as HbA1C and lipid profile), we analysed high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels before surgery, and then at 1 hour, 12 hours and 7 days after CABG in order to estimate their prognostic value. RESULTS: During the 48 hours after CABG, there was a trend towards having higher glucose levels in both groups of patients with and without DM2 according to CGM. In patients with DM2, the glucose level was significantly increased (р&lt;0,05). Insulin pump therapy resulted in glycemic control improvement in early follow-up (72 hours). Moreover, there were no hypoglycaemic episodes in patients on insulin pump therapy and also in patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy. We revealed the trend towards lower rate of postpericardiotomy syndrome (PCTS) in patients on insulin pump therapy compared to patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy in the early postoperative period (p=0,1). Hs-CRP level was lower in patients with DM2 who were on insulin pump therapy compared to patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy in the early postoperative period (р&lt;0,05). This most likely confirms that insulin pump therapy decreases systemic inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we demonstrated the CGM feasibility, safety and efficacy in association with insulin pump therapy in patients with DM2 undergoing CABG

ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНОЙ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩЬЮ ПО ПРОФИЛЮ «СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТАЯ ХИРУРГИЯ» ЖИТЕЛЕЙ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В 2021 ГОДУ

Highlights: The article presents data on the availability of various types of high-tech cardiovascular care services to residents of subjects of the Russian Federation. The authors used original methodology based on the data of the Healthcare Administration of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The obtained data were compared with the data from the Federal Tax Service Office No. 12, and 14, demographic and socio-economic indicators of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The results of the analysis open up new opportunities for studying the causes of pronounced differences in the provision of high-tech cardiovascular care to the population of the country's regions and taking appropriate regulatory measures, thus contributing to practical healthcare. Aim. To analyze the provision of high-tech cardiovascular care (HTCC) to residents of the Russian Federation regions in 2021 taking into account social and economic factors.Methods. The data from the original form designed in A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery containing information on the number of patients who underwent cardiovascular surgeries were compared with the data from the Federal Tax Service Office follow-up forms No.12 and No.14, taking into account demographic and social-economic factors of the RF regions according to the Federal Service of State Statistics. 74 regions were included into the analysis. The following methods of univariate statistics were used: Spearman’s and Kendall’s rank correlation, measures of central tendency and variance were calculated. Intergroup comparison was carried out using Mann-Whitney two-tailed test and Kruskall-Wallis one-way analysis of variance.Results. The mean provision of HTCC included in the Section I of the Free Health Care Policies for Citizens (HTCC-1) was 1910 surgeries per 1 million population, provision of HTCC included in the Section II (HTCC-2) – was 789.5, respectively. We have noted the negative correlation between the amount of HTCC -1 and HTCC -2 surgeries and hypertension mortality (p = 0.034). The mortality from other acute CAD correlated negatively with the provision of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, p = 0.034). The authors also noted the negative correlation between the provision of HTCC -2 surgeries and circulatory diseases (CD) overall incidence (p = 0.032), primary CD incidence (p = 0.014), CAD overall incidence (p = 0.034) and more. The region’s economic development level influenced the provision of HTCC -2 surgeries. The positive correlation coefficients were obtained for per capita income (p = 0.004), median per capita income (p = 0.002), real amount of granted pensions (p = 0.003) and other parameters. The number of CABG per 1 million and life expectancy was higher in the RF regions where CABG was performed locally compared to the regions that did not provide cardiovascular care (205.82 vs 165.55 and 69.49 vs 68.64).Conclusion. The indicators of HTCC-1 and HTCC-2 provision in the RF regions differed by 8.4 and 9.2 times, respectively; the indicators of provision of surgeries by 14.7 and 201.9 times. Providing residents of the RF regions with cardiovascular surgeries is influenced by a number of factors among which we highlight the availability of this type of treatment in the region, regional economic resources to co-finance HTCC -2 treatment, population`s compliance with the surgical treatment safety checklist.Основные положенияВ статье впервые представлены данные об обеспеченности различными видами высокотехнологичной медицинской помощи по профилю «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» жителей отдельных субъектов РФ. Использована оригинальная методика на основе данных органов управления здравоохранением субъектов РФ. Полученные данные также сопоставлены с данными ФСН № 12, 14, демографическими и социально-экономическими показателями субъектов РФ. Вклад исследования в практическое здравоохранение: результаты проведенного анализа открывают новые возможности для изучения причин выраженных различий в обеспеченности населения регионов страны медицинской помощью по профилю «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» и принятия соответствующих мер регулирования. РезюмеЦель исследования. Изучить обеспеченность высокотехнологичной медицинской помощью (ВМП) по профилю «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» (ССХ) жителей субъектов РФ в 2021 г. с учетом социально-экономических особенностей.Материалы и методы. Данные формы, разработанной в ФГБУ «НМИЦ ССХ им. А.Н. Бакулева» Минздрава России, о количестве пациентов, которым выполнены операции по профилю ССХ, сопоставлены со сведениями форм федерального статистического наблюдения № 12 и 14, демографическими и социально-экономическими показателями субъектов РФ по данным Росстата. В анализ включены 74 региона. Использованы методы описательной статистики – рассчитаны показатели центральной тенденции и дисперсии, методы ранговой корреляции Кендалла и Спирмена. Межгрупповые сравнения проведены при помощи критерия Манна – Уитни для двух выборок и однофакторного дисперсионного анализа Краскела – Уоллиса.Результаты. В среднем обеспеченность ВМП раздела I государственной программы бесплатного оказания гражданам медицинской помощи (ВМП-1) составила 1 910 операций на 1 млн населения, ВМП раздела II программы (ВМП-2) – 789,5. Выявлены отрицательные корреляционные связи между суммой операций ВМП-1 и ВМП-2 и смертностью от гипертонической болезни (p = 0,034). Смертность от других форм острой ишемической болезни сердца отрицательно коррелировала с обеспеченностью коронарного шунтирования (p = 0,034). Также определены отрицательные корреляционные связи между обеспеченностью операциями ВМП-2 и общей заболеваемостью патологиями системы кровообращения (p = 0,032), первичной заболеваемостью патологиями системы кровообращения (p = 0,014), общей заболеваемостью ишемической болезнью сердца (p = 0,034) и др. Уровень экономического развития региона ассоциирован с обеспеченностью операциями ВМП-2. Положительные коэффициенты корреляции получены для среднедушевых денежных доходов населения (p = 0,004), медианного среднедушевого денежного дохода населения (p = 0,002), реального размера назначенных пенсий (p = 0,003) и других показателей. Число коронарных шунтирований на 1 млн и ожидаемая продолжительность жизни были выше в субъектах РФ, в которых данные вмешательства проводят на своей территории, по сравнению с теми, где отсутствует кардиохирургия (205,82 против 165,55 и 69,49 против 68,64).Заключение. Показатели обеспеченности населения ВМП-1 и ВМП-2 по профилю ССХ в субъектах РФ различались в 8,4 и 9,2 раза соответственно, а показатели обеспеченности операциями – в 14,7 и 201,9 раза.. Обеспеченность населения регионов РФ операциями по профилю ССХ связана со множеством факторов, среди которых следует выделить доступность данного вида лечения в регионе постоянного проживания, экономические возможности региона в софинансировании лечения в рамках ВМП-2, приверженность населения хирургическому лечению заболеваний

Prognostic Value of Characterizing Myocardial Tissue by Cardiac MRI with T1 Mapping in HFpEF Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: Our study aimed at conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis, with the objective of evaluating the prognostic value of T1 mapping techniques via cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Materials and methods: The protocol was prospectively registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022300991). We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE for studies examining the prognostic value of characterizing myocardial tissue via CMR imaging with T1 mapping in HFpEF. Hazard ratios (HRs) for uniformly defined predictors were pooled for meta-analysis. Results: In total, 7 studies were retrieved from 351 publications for this systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 1930 patients (mean age of 69.4 years, mean follow-up duration of 25.6 months) was included in the analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that higher extracellular volume (ECV) was associated with an increased risk of death and/or hospitalization with heart failure (HF) (HR:1.12; 95% CI: 1.06&ndash;1.18; p &lt; 0.0001). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, the higher extent of ECV remained strongly associated with the risk of death and/or hospitalization with HF (HRadjusted: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04&ndash;1.13; p = 0.0001). However, no significant association of native T1 value with risk of death or adverse cardiovascular events was found (HR:1.01; 95% CI: 1.00&ndash;1.02; p = 0.21). Conclusion: Assessment of ECV via CMR has an important prognostic value for outcomes of death and/or hospitalization with HF, and can therefore be used as an effective tool for risk stratification of patients with HFpEF

Myocardial revascularization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An overview of modern techniques

For patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), in combination with diabetes mellitus, diffuse multivessel coronary artery lesions are common. Such patients are prone to a more rapid progression of atherosclerosis, significantly increasing the need for myocardial revascularization. The choice of an optimal approach determines the prognosis and course of CAD. The results of randomized trials show that the use of percutaneous coronary interventions with drug-eluting stents is appropriate for patients with one or two coronary artery lesions, but that coronary artery bypass graft surgery is preferred in cases of multivessel disease and significantly reduces the risk of long-term adverse events. It should also be noted that the use of modern generations of stents allows the achievement of comparable results in terms of long-term mortality, which was most convincingly demonstrated in patients with one or two vascular lesions

Comparative analisis of the dynamics of glycemia using continuos glucose monitoring during on-pump or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective. Using continuous glucose monitoring to determine diagnostic optimisation of metabolic status and perioperative management techniques in coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) in order to reduce the risk of perioperative complications. Materials and Methods. We examined 80 patients with ischaemic heart disease, aged 39 to 71 years. Patients were divided into four groups. Separation criteria were the presence of diabetes and the method of myocardial revascularisation. For all patients in the intra- and early postoperative periods the continuous glucose monitoring was performed by CGM System Gold MMT-7102W (Medtronic, USA); also blood glucose level has been controlled by sample testing of venous blood (laboratory glucose oxidase electrochemical method) and capillary blood by portable blood glucose meter (OneTouch Ultra, LifeScan, USA). Results. In our study, average blood glucose levels from the results of measurements with CGMS at different operative stages and in the early postoperative period in four groups of patients were measured. Glucose level monitoring in diabetic patients during coronary revascularisation demonstrated that perioperative hyperglycaemia in patients with coronary artery disease who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass was observed regardless of whether they had metabolic carbohydrate disorders during the preoperative period. The most significant changes in glucose were observed in these patients at the stage of cardiopulmonary bypass, while in patients with T2DM, the glycaemic response to intervention (even with satisfactory preoperative compensation of carbohydrate metabolism) was more intense and less manageable than that in surgical patients without diabetes. When operating on a beating heart, intraoperative hyperglycaemia was observed more frequently in patients with T2DM than in controls at the stage of bypass, but glucose indicators were significantly lower than in groups of patients with T2DM who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass. Conclusion. Given the lack of significant differences between the laboratory glucose rates, data from CGM System Gold and OneTouch Ultra demonstrated that continuous glucose monitoring can reliably assess the presence or absence of metabolic changes in the perioperative period and thus reduce the likelihood of complications

Prognostic Value of Characterizing Myocardial Tissue by Cardiac MRI with T1 Mapping in HFpEF Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: Our study aimed at conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis, with the objective of evaluating the prognostic value of T1 mapping techniques via cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Materials and methods: The protocol was prospectively registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022300991). We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE for studies examining the prognostic value of characterizing myocardial tissue via CMR imaging with T1 mapping in HFpEF. Hazard ratios (HRs) for uniformly defined predictors were pooled for meta-analysis. Results: In total, 7 studies were retrieved from 351 publications for this systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 1930 patients (mean age of 69.4 years, mean follow-up duration of 25.6 months) was included in the analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that higher extracellular volume (ECV) was associated with an increased risk of death and/or hospitalization with heart failure (HF) (HR:1.12; 95% CI: 1.06–1.18; p adjusted: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04–1.13; p = 0.0001). However, no significant association of native T1 value with risk of death or adverse cardiovascular events was found (HR:1.01; 95% CI: 1.00–1.02; p = 0.21). Conclusion: Assessment of ECV via CMR has an important prognostic value for outcomes of death and/or hospitalization with HF, and can therefore be used as an effective tool for risk stratification of patients with HFpEF