Added Sugars: Why It is Added to Food and the Challenges of Labeling it

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. March 2016. Major: Food Science. Advisor: Joanne Slavin. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 80 pages.Avoiding too much sugar is an accepted dietary guidance throughout the world. The U.S. Nutrition Facts panel includes information on total sugars in foods. A focus on added sugars is linked to the concept of discretionary calories and decreasing consumption of added sugars as a means to assist a consumer to identify foods that are nutrient-dense. On March 14, 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed that including “added sugars” on the nutrition facts panel would be another tool to help consumers. This thesis discusses the functions of sugar in food and shows that the methods used to replace added sugars in foods can result in no reduction in calorie content or improvement in nutrient density. Without clear benefit to the consumer for added sugars labeling, this thesis highlights the complex business obstacles, costs, and consumer confusion resulting from the proposed rule.Goldfein, Kara. (2016). Added Sugars: Why It is Added to Food and the Challenges of Labeling it. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/196510

La emergencia de la inteligencia artificial en el aprendizaje del español: ¿una suplementación o sustitución?

Abstract: The recent emergence of widespread generative artificial intelligence – alongside the sudden demand for an improved online learning experience – questions the validity of current language learning models: could we improve old language learning models with the new, powerful technological capabilities that we’ve suddenly been granted, or is it time to scrap the old practices entirely and embark on a new technological journey void of professors and traditional classroom environments? This thesis stresses the importance of learning languages and specifically emphasizes the advantages of knowing Spanish as a second language in the United States. To determine the best methods of teaching Spanish in the US, this thesis dissects the chronological history of past and current language learning models to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Then, it identifies a few emerging cases of AI in language learning mobile phone apps to examine the current state of AI language learning and its respective strengths and weaknesses. While there are some scenarios in which one style clearly reigns supreme over the other, this thesis ultimately finds that both AI and traditional language teaching models are better off working in tandem than operating separately. Resumen: La emergencia reciente y extendida de la inteligencia artificial generativa – junto a la exigencia repentina de una mejor experiencia de aprendizaje en línea – cuestiona la validez de los modelos actuales de la enseñanza de lenguas: ¿podríamos mejorar los antiguos modelos de aprendizaje de idiomas con las nuevas y potentes capacidades tecnológicas que de repente se nos han concedido, o ha llegado el momento de desechar por completo las viejas prácticas y embarcarnos en un nuevo viaje tecnológico sin profesores ni entornos de clase tradicionales? Esta tesis subraya la importancia de aprender idiomas y, en concreto, hace hincapié en las ventajas de saber español como segunda lengua en los Estados Unidos. Para determinar cuáles son las mejores maneras de enseñar español en los Estados Unidos, esta tesis disecciona la historia cronológica de los modelos pasados de aprendizaje de idiomas en el mundo occidental para identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. A continuación, identifica algunos casos emergentes de la IA en aplicaciones de aprendizaje de idiomas para móviles con el fin de examinar el estado actual del aprendizaje de lenguas con la IA y sus respectivos puntos fuertes y débiles. Aunque hay algunos escenarios en los que un estilo reina claramente sobre el otro, esta tesis al final encuentra que la IA y los modelos tradicionales de la enseñanza de idiomas funcionan mejor en tándem que por separado

Standardization of Human-Computer-Interface for Geo-Fencing in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

The use of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) has increased significantly in the past year. Geographic fencing (geo-fencing) is software built into most medium-cost consumer sUAS. This software is typically used to limit the altitude above launch point, the flight distance from the transmitting controller, and/or restrict flight inside a no-fly zone. While the concept of a geo-fence is simplistic, the human-computer-interface (HCI) varies drastically among platforms, and even between software iterations on the same platform. This research examines the HCI of three popular consumer-level sUAS with regard to geo-fencing. The software procedures and human interface for the DJI Inspire-1, 3D Robotics IRIS+, and Yuneec Typhoon Q500+ were evaluated through review of relevant literature, software, and flight-testing. This assessment yielded several recommendations for geo-fencing software for sUAS

Trade Centers of the Upper Midwest: Three Case Studies Examining Changes from 1960 to 1989.

These three case studies expand on Trade Center of the Upper Midwest: Changes from 1960 to 1989 published in November 1990. They present a detailed look at three sub-regions of the Upper Midwest: northern Iowa, southeastern Montana, and northwestern Wisconsin

Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation.

yesOver the past 30 years, the understanding of eating behaviour has been dominated by the concept of dietary restraint. However, the development of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire introduced two other factors, Disinhibition and Hunger, which have not received as much recognition in the literature. The objective of this review was to explore the relationship of the Disinhibition factor with weight regulation, food choice and eating disorders, and to consider its aetiology. The review indicates that Disinhibition is an important eating behaviour trait. It is associated not only with a higher body mass index and obesity, but also with mediating variables, such as less healthful food choices, which contribute to overweight/obesity and poorer health. Disinhibition is also implicated in eating disorders and contributes to eating disorder severity. It has been demonstrated that Disinhibition is predictive of poorer success at weight loss, and of weight regain after weight loss regimes and is associated with lower self-esteem, low physical activity and poor psychological health. Disinhibition therefore emerges as an important and dynamic trait, with influences that go beyond eating behaviour and incorporate other behaviours which contribute to weight regulation and obesity. The characteristics of Disinhibition itself therefore reflect many components representative of a thrifty type of physiology. We propose that the trait of Disinhibition be more appropriately renamed as ¿opportunistic eating¿ or ¿thrifty behaviour¿

Community Reinvestment in the City of St. Paul: Are Residents and Businesses Receiving the Financial Services They Need?

A 1990 study of financial institutions in St. Paul looked at whether residents and businesses are receiving the financial services they need. St. Paul neighborhoods, low income people, and minority populations were compared in relation to how available loan money is for buying or improving homes. Data on lending patterns were analyzed. Interviews about financial services were conducted in four districts: Frogtown, the West Side, Hamline-Midway, and St. Anthony Park. A summary of this study appeared in the July 1990 CURA Reporter

Trade Centers of the Upper Midwest: Changes from 1960 to 1989.

Significant changes occurred in the economy of the Upper Midwest in the thirty years from 1960 to 1989. This study presents a new profile of trade centers in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Montana. Data about the trade centers in 1960 and 1989 are compared. A large number of tables, figures, and maps present the story of changes in the number of business establishments and the kind of businesses operating in the whole range of trade centers, from hamlets to metropolitan areas. The report examines wholesale trade, retail trade, agricultural services, construction, manufacturers, transportation and communications, banks, and services

Taxation in the digital economy - recent policy developments and the question of value creation

The paper reviews the evidence on the challenges of digitalization for direct (corporate profit) and indirect (consumption) taxation. Based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, we evaluate ongoing developments at the OECD and European Union level and argue that there is no justification for introducing a new tax order for digital businesses. In particular, the significant digital presence and the digital services tax as put forward by the European Commission will most likely distort corporate decisions and spur tax competition. To contribute to the development of tax rules in line with value creation as the gold standard for profit taxation the paper discusses data as a "new" value-driving asset in the digital economy. It draws on insights from interdisciplinary research to highlight that the value of data emerges through proprietary activities conducted within businesses. We ultimately discuss how existing transfer pricing solutions can be adapted to business models employing data mining