The International Life of a Russian Colonial Document: The Russian-American Company, the Kashaya Pomos, the Bodega Miwoks, and the 1817 Métini Protocol

In September 1817 officials of the Russian colony of Ross drafted a protocol of a meeting held with the Kashaya Pomos, the Bodega Miwoks, and other Native Americans. The protocol described how the Russians had promised gifts and military protection to their Native American allies in exchange for the right to continue occupying Métini, a Kashaya Pomo–controlled territory about eighty-five miles north of San Francisco. Soon, reports of the meeting had made their way up and down the coast and across the Pacific, as Native Americans, Russian imperial ministers, and diplomats from Russia\u27s imperial rivals debated its significance. This essay describes how the Russian-American Company used the protocol and other agreements with Native Americans to lay claim to coastal territories, and how Russia\u27s imperial rivals disputed such claims. It argues that company officials used documentation of Native American signs of consent, such as speeches and gestures, to assert ownership of Métini, while Spain disputed the validity of agreements with Native Americans. The meaning that Russian officials assigned to Native Americans\u27 consent enabled the Kashaya Pomos, the Bodega Miwoks, and other groups to exert some influence over Russian colonization and trade

Christian Indians at War: Evangelism and Military Communication in the Anglo-French-Native Borderlands

In his chapter, Christian Indians at War: Evangelism and Military Communication in the Anglo-French-Native Borderlands, Jeffrey Glover explores the complicated position of Christian natives in the French and Indian War

Making The Decision To Outsource A Service Department: Who Should Deliver Internal Audit Services?

The 2001-2003 wave of financial fraudulent reporting, aggressive earnings management, and overall management integrity issues highlight the important role that an internal audit function can have in protecting organizations and demonstrate how important it is that internal auditors operate with independence and objectivity. This paper highlights the issues organizations face when contemplating the internal audit outsourcing market. The illustrative materials provide exposure to the strategic, analytical, financial and operational decisions involved with retaining or outsourcing a corporate internal audit department

Reclaiming a Sense of Place: Geospatial Technologies and the Flat Rock Cemetery Project

The Flat Rock community in southern DeKalb County, Georgia (just outside Atlanta) is one of the oldest continually-occupied African-American communities in Georgia. Although history shows that many African-American communities in the South were broken apart as former slaves migrated north in search of jobs and a more equitable life, Flat Rock remained an intact community. This was largely due to the efforts of individuals who were able to purchase land and later sell it in small parcels to fellow community members. Proximity—both to ancestors and significant places—is a cross-culturally important component to the creation of a sense of community. Placed on a high peak in DeKalb County, the Flat Rock Cemetery became such a place for the Flat Rock community. It contains burials dating from 1834 (three years prior to the official establishment of the community) through 1959. In the spring of 2008, Johnny Waits, president of the Flat Rock Archive, proposed a project to the members of the Greater Atlanta Archaeological Society (GAAS) involving the clearing and mapping of this historic cemetery. These initial meetings eventually led to the involvement of Georgia State University (GSU). Through the use of a total station, Jeffrey Glover of GSU and his students have been mapping the cemetery and conducting research into its material culture. The objectives of this project, due to be completed in 2009, include completion of the cemetery map and the subsequent connection of identified graves to the archival data collected by Mr. Waits. These data will be integrated with photographic images of tombstones and material offerings, and will be established on GSU’s geospatial server using ESRI’s ArcServer. These interactive maps will be made accessible to visitors to the Flat Rock archive web site

A Volumetric Assessment of Ancient Maya Architecture: A GIS Approach to Settlement Patterns

This paper will discuss the general applications of GIS technology to our research in the Yalahau Region of northern Quintana Roo, Mexico. In particular we will address the use of a volumetric analysis as a means of developing an architectural comparative framework at both the intrasite and regional scales. The comparative framework is a powerful tool that allows us to investigate and visualize the distribution of social power both within the site of T\u27isil and across the region. The direct relationship between social power and architectural volume is predicated on the assumption that actors who utilized the largest dwellings were able to coerce (or force) the greatest number of people to aid in their construction

Unpacking Oakland Cemetery: Immersing Students in Atlanta History

Working with Oakland Cemetery, Georgia State and Emory Universities, and Beam Imagination are creating an experimental, public-facing digital archive that combines maps, a burial database, 3D visualizations, and curation

Relations Between Molecular Cloud Structure Sizes and Line Widths in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present a comparative study of the size-line width relation for substructures within six molecular clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) mapped with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Our sample extends our previous study, which compared a Planck detected cold cloud in the outskirts of the LMC with the 30 Doradus molecular cloud and found the typical line width for 1 pc radius structures to be 5 times larger in 30 Doradus. By observing clouds with intermediate levels of star formation activity, we find evidence that line width at a given size increases with increasing local and cloud-scale 8${\mu}$m intensity. At the same time, line width at a given size appears to independently correlate with measures of mass surface density. Our results suggest that both virial-like motions due to gravity and local energy injection by star formation feedback play important roles in determining intracloud dynamics.Comment: 20 pages, to appear in ApJ. Data presented in this paper can be found at https://mmwave.astro.illinois.edu/almalmc

Evaluating Strategies For Reducing Health Disparities By Addressing The Social Determinants Of Health

Research reveals that the opportunities for healthy choices in homes, neighborhoods, schools, and workplaces can have decisive impacts on health. This article reviews scientific evidence from promising interventions focused on the social determinants of health, and describes ways in which they can improve population health and reduce health disparities. We show that there is sufficient evidence to support policy interventions targeted at education and early childhood; urban planning and community development; housing; income enhancements and supplements; and employment. When available, cost-effectiveness evaluations show that these interventions lead to long-term societal savings; however, more routine attention to cost considerations is needed for these interventions. We also discuss challenges to implementation, including the need for long-term financing in order to scale-up effective interventions for implementation at the local, state, or national level. Although we know enough to act, questions remain about how to optimally scale-up these interventions and maximize their benefits for the most vulnerable populations

The value of best-practice guidelines for OSCEs in postgraduate program in an Australian remote area setting

Introduction: Nurses in remote areas of Australia are the primary healthcare professionals, who need to be able to deliver comprehensive and culturally sensitive care to clients, many of whom are Indigenous Australians. Adequate and specific preparation for practice is crucial to the quality of care delivered by remote area nurses (RANs). Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) provide an excellent opportunity for student practice in a simulated environment that is safe, authentic, fair and valid when well constructed. Seven integrated best practice guidelines (BPGs), previously developed by project team members to inform OSCEs within educational programs, provided guidance in restructuring the OSCE. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the value of BPGs used in the development, teaching and learning, and evaluation of OSCEs in a rural and remote postgraduate course for RANs. Method: A pre-site visit to the Centre for Remote Health, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, was conducted with modification of the course and previous OSCE according to BPGs. Following delivery of the course and OSCE, evaluations occurred via a mixed method approach. Student surveys (n=15) and focus groups (n=13) and staff interviews (n=5) provided an in-depth analysis of their perceptions of the revised OSCE. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the student sample. The narrative data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis. Triangulation was achieved with the convergence of the separate data sources focusing on themes and patterns within and between students and tutors.Results: All 15 students and five tutors provided feedback. The majority of student participants had limited experience in working in remote area nursing prior to participation and therefore the opportunities that availed themselves were critical in adequately equipping them with the requisite knowledge, skills and abilities. Three themes emerged from the data: (1) value of common and significant events in OSCE; (2) power of deliberate actions; and (3) learning cultural sensitivity.Discussion: OSCEs in this setting proved to be a good way for students to learn the skills required by RANs. Overwhelmingly, the modifications using the BPGs were highly valued by students and staff. Three themes emerged and were clearly linked to specific BPGs, indicating the positive impact the BPGs had on the OSCEs and student learning. The authentic content for the scenarios was seen as relevant and motivational for student learning. The practice element of the OSCEs enhanced the learning experience and feedback supported learning. Conclusions: OSCEs developed, taught and assessed using BPGs were highly valued. The BPGs provided an integrated approach with real-life scenarios with a strong cultural perspective – all important features to the RANs’ future success in providing individualised care to clients in remote areas of Australia. Further use of BPGs is recommended

Molecular and cytologic studies of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIII

We present a family with findings of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIII and a presenile appearance due to decreased subcutaneous tissue with drawn skin, defective wound healing, contractures, and thin hair. To investigate this syndrome, we studied collagen production and the growth properties of cultured fibroblasts taken from affected relatives. We could not find evidence of a collagen defect or premature senescence of cultured fibroblasts, although the fibroblasts may have a decreased growth rate. We conclude that this family has findings of EDS VIII and premature aging and propose that this overlapping phenotype is due to a single pathogenetic mechanism. Our studies of collagen production and fibroblast replication did not discern this mechanism.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38257/1/1320410305_ftp.pd