45 research outputs found
What is important in theorizing tolerance today?
if one wants to grasp tolerance politically, that is, as a problem of power and as organizing relations among citizens, subjects, peoples or states, then it must be understood, inter alia, as being enacted through contingent, historically specific discourses - linguistically organized norms operating as common sense. [...]any political discourse of tolerance - from that developed for handling Protestant sectarianism in seventeenth-century England to that used by the G.W. Bush Administration in the aftermath of 9/11 to distinguish the West from the rest, to that used by the Israeli state for describing (only) its policies toward homosexuals - is embedded within other discourses articulating the qualities and meanings of the religious, cultural, social or political order that the discourse of tolerance purports to pacify. [...]tolerance, correctly understood, is a virtue of the public use of reason
WiseEye: next generation expandable and programmable camera trap platform for wildlife research
Funding: The work was supported by the RCUK Digital Economy programme to the dot.rural Digital Economy Hub; award reference: EP/G066051/1. The work of S. Newey and RJI was part funded by the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS). Details published as an Open Source Toolkit, PLOS Journals at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169758Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Cumulative impact assessments of multiple host species loss from plant diseases show disproportionate reductions in associated biodiversity
Non-native plant pests and pathogens are increasing exponentially, causing extirpation of foundation species. The impact of large-scale declines in a single host on associated biodiversity is widely documented. However, the impact of multiple host loss on biodiversity and whether these impacts are multiplicative has not been assessed. Ecological theory suggests that systems with greater functional redundancy (alternative hosts) will be more resilient to the loss of sympatric hosts. We test this theory and show its importance in relation to pest/pathogen impact assessments.
We assessed the potential impact on biodiversity of the loss of two widely occurring sympatric European tree species, Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus petraea/robur, both of which are currently threatened by a range of pests and pathogens.
At the UK scale, the total number of associated species at risk of extirpation from plant diseases affecting these two sympatric hosts is greater than the sum of the associated species at risk from declines in either host alone. F. excelsior hosts 45 obligate species (species only found on that host) and Q. petraea/robur hosts 326. However, a decline in both these trees would impact 512 associated species, across multiple taxon groups, a 38% increase. Assessments at a local scale, 24 mixed F. excelsior–Q. petraea/robur woodlands revealed that these impacts may be even greater due to a lack of functional redundancy. Only 21% of sites were able to provide functional redundancy for F. excelsior and Q. petraea/robur associated species which can use other tree species. In most woodlands, the tree species required to provide functional redundancy were not present, although the site conditions were often suitable for them to grow.
Synthesis. Understanding of functional redundancy should be applied to assessments of pests/pathogens impact on biodiversity. In risk assessments, higher impact scores should be given to pests/pathogens affecting hosts occurring with other host plant species already impacted by pests/pathogens. Current pest/pathogen risk assessment approaches that ignore the cumulative, cascading effects shown in this study may allow an insidious, mostly overlooked, driver of biodiversity loss to continue.Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Grant/Award Number: BB/N022831/1; Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A review of camera trapping for conservation behaviour research
An understanding of animal behaviour is important if conservation initiatives
are to be effective. However, quantifying the behaviour of wild animals presents
significant challenges. Remote-sensing camera traps are becoming increasingly
popular survey instruments that have been used to non-invasively study a variety
of animal behaviours, yielding key insights into behavioural repertoires.
They are well suited to ethological studies and provide considerable opportunities
for generating conservation-relevant behavioural data if novel and robust
methodological and analytical solutions can be developed. This paper reviews
the current state of camera-trap-based ethological studies, describes new and
emerging directions in camera-based conservation behaviour, and highlights a
number of limitations and considerations of particular relevance for camerabased
studies. Three promising areas of study are discussed: (1) documenting
anthropogenic impacts on behaviour; (2) incorporating behavioural responses
into management planning and (3) using behavioural indicators such as giving
up densities and daily activity patterns. We emphasize the importance of
reporting methodological details, utilizing emerging camera trap metadata standards
and central data repositories for facilitating reproducibility, comparison
and synthesis across studies. Behavioural studies using camera traps are in their
infancy; the full potential of the technology is as yet unrealized. Researchers are
encouraged to embrace conservation-driven hypotheses in order to meet future
challenges and improve the efficacy of conservation and management processes.The contribution of M.D. Wood was
supported by the TREE project (www.ceh.ac.
uk/TREE) funded by the Natural Environment
Research Council (NERC), Environment
Agency and Radioactive Waste Management
Limited. The contributions of C.M.V. Finlay
were supported by the Red Squirrels United
project (http://www.redsquirrelsunited.org.uk/)
funded by EU Life and Heritage Lottery Fund.http://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2056-3485am2017Centre for Wildlife Managemen
After politics: the rejection of politics in contemporary liberal philosophy
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Virtue, reason and toleration: the place of toleration in ethical and political philosophy
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe