Pavlovian conditioning of larval drosophila: an illustrated, multilingual, hands-on manual for odor-taste associative learning in maggots

Larval Drosophila offer a study case for behavioral neurogenetics that is simple enough to be experimentally tractable, yet complex enough to be worth the effort. We provide a detailed, hands-on manual for Pavlovian odor-reward learning in these animals. Given the versatility of Drosophila for genetic analyses, combined with the evolutionarily shared genetic heritage with humans, the paradigm has utility not only in behavioral neurogenetics and experimental psychology, but for translational biomedicine as well. Together with the upcoming total synaptic connectome of the Drosophila nervous system and the possibilities of single-cell-specific transgene expression, it offers enticing opportunities for research. Indeed, the paradigm has already been adopted by a number of labs and is robust enough to be used for teaching in classroom settings. This has given rise to a demand for a detailed, hands- on manual directed at newcomers and/or at laboratory novices, and this is what we here provide

"A Riotous Spray of Words": Rethinking the Medieval Theory of Satire

This article offers a reconsideration of the theory of satire found in medieval exegesis. While acknowledging the importance of recent scholarship on the subject, such as the studies by Paul Miller and Udo Kindermann, it also seeks to develop the findings of this criticism further. Particular attention is paid to commentaries that offer more unusual remarks on classical satire. It is argued that these observations constitute a second tendency in the medieval response to satire, which identifies more scurrilous and disruptive potential in the genre

Additional file 1: of Phenome-wide association analysis of LDL-cholesterol lowering genetic variants in PCSK9

Supplemental tables. (XLSX 62 kb