PREDICTING THE TRAJECTORIES OF POST-SURGICAL PAIN: THE ROLE OF BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS

Il dolore post-operatorio rappresenta un importante problema sanitario dal punto di vista dei pazienti, degli operatori sanitari e della società nel suo complesso, dati i costi sanitari che provoca. La presente tesi ha l’obbiettivo di identificare i fattori psicologici e psicosociali che ne influenzano lo sviluppo. Nel primo capitolo viene affrontata la complessità del dolore postoperatorio tramite un’esposizione delle prospettive teoriche sul tema. A partire dalla definizione di questo fenomeno, sono stati presi in rassegna i diversi potenziali predittori e sono state descritte le modalità attraverso le quali questi predittori influenzano l’esperienza del paziente. È stata data attenzione particolare al substrato fisiologico che collega i fattori psicologici e psicosociali alla percezione del dolore. Il secondo capitolo presenta una revisione sistematica della letteratura con meta-analisi sui fattori di rischio psicologici e psicosociali associati al dolore cronico postoperatorio. Sono state descritte le scelte metodologiche adottate, come l’impostazione di una ricerca il più possibile comprensiva e l’utilizzo di metodi di imputazione multipla per ridurre l’effetto dei dati. Dopo una selezione tra 6329 studi, sono stati utilizzati 63 articoli per costruire una sintesi narrativa delle ricerche sul tema. I risultati di 34 tra questi studi sono stati successivamente utilizzati per effettuare una meta-analisi. La sintesi narrativa ha permesso di evidenziare ottimismo, salute mentale e paure chirurgiche sono associate al dolore cronico post-chirurgico, mentre l’effetto di ansia, depressione e catastrofismo è maggiormente incerto. I risultati della meta-analisi, al contrario, evidenziano in modo chiaro che depressione, ansia, catastrofismo, paura del movimento, auto-efficacia e ottimismo sono predittori significativi del dolore cronico post-operatorio. Il terzo capitolo presenta i risultati di uno studio longitudinale prospettico volto a studare l’effetto di depressione, ansia, catastrofismo, auto-efficacia, funzioni esecutive e sensibilizzazione centrale sulle traiettorie del dolore post-operatorio acuto. Sono stati arruolati 145 pazienti in attesa di operazioni di protesi d’anca o di ginocchio presso l’ospedale Humanitas Pio X. Prima dell’operazione, i pazienti hanno completato un questionario volto ad indagare i predittori prima elencati. Durante i sette giorni successivi all’operazione, i pazienti hanno compilato un diario che permetteva di misurare l’intensità del dolore e il catastrofismo post-operatorio di stato. Infine, sono stati raccolti i dati su intensità e interferenza del dolore dopo un mese e tre mesi dall’operazione. Sono stati utilizzati modelli di curve di crescita per studiare l’impatto dei predittori sulle traiettorie del dolore e modelli di regressione multipla per individuare i predittori del dolore al follow-up. I risultati hanno permesso di evidenziare che, controllando per sesso, tipo di procedura chirurgica e intensità del dolore pre-operatorio, la sensibilizzazione centrale è associata all’intercetta delle traiettorie del dolore, la flessibilità cognitiva è associata alla loro pendenza, e che il catastrofismo di stato è una covariata del dolore post-operatorio. Al follow-up, l’intensità e l’interferenza del dolore sono risultate essere associate a sensibilizzazione centrale, distress emotivo e funzioni esecutive misurate durante il periodo pre-operatorio. Infine, vengono discusse le implicazioni cliniche e di ricerca di questi risultati.Post-surgical pain is a major health issue from the perspective of patients, health professionals and the society as a whole. This thesis has the aim to identify psychological and psychosocial variables associated with chronic post-surgical pain, and to understand how these factors influence pain trajectories over time. In the first chapter, complexity of post-surgical pain is explored. Starting from the definition of this phenomenon, conceptualization by the biopsychosocial model is presented. To understand how predictors at different levels might influence the patient’s pain experience, pathophysiology of post-surgical pain is scrutinized, with a particular focus on the physiological substrate that can explain how psychological and psychosocial predictors can influence pain perception and modulation. Physiological, psychological and social risk factors for post-surgical pain are then presented. For each, potential mechanisms explaining association with this phenomenon are reviewed and discussed. The second chapter presents a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis on psychological and psychosocial risk factors of chronic post-surgical pain. Methodological adjustments were adopted to ensure that the synthesis of research results was based on a comprehensive sets of studies, and to take into account the effect of non-significant estimates in case they were not reported by original studies. After a selection from 6329 records, 63 articles were included in a narrative synthesis and 34 studies were employed to perform a meta-analysis. The narrative synthesis of the literature showed that evidence about the effect of psychological predictors is heterogeneous, with few predictors, such as optimism, mental health and surgical fear, consistently associated with chronic post-surgical pain. In contrast, the meta-analysis showed that depression, anxiety, catastrophizing and, to a lesser extent, kinesiophobia, optimism and self-efficacy, have a weak but significant association with chronic post-surgical pain. Results are discussed in the context of the available literature. The third chapter presents the results of a longitudinal prospective study aimed at describing individual trajectories of pain intensity in patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty. The focus of this study was the analysis of pain as a process and in its relationship with central sensitization processes, executive functions and trait and state psychological variables. This study was performed with 145 patients listed for surgery at the hospital Humanitas Pio X, which were asked to complete a pre-surgical assessment, to fill a pain diary during the first seven days after surgery and to provide data about their pain after one and three months from surgery. Statistical analyses were performed employing a multilevel growth curve analysis for acute pain trajectories and multiple regressions for follow-up data. Multiple imputation procedures were employed to account for missing information. Results showed that, after controlling for sex, surgical procedure and pain intensity, central sensitization was a predictor of the intercept of pain trajectories, scores on the Trail Making Test Part B were associated with their slope, and that daily post-surgical catastrophizing was a significant covariate of pain intensity. Analyses of follow-up data confirmed the predictive role of central sensitization and showed that emotional distress, along with executive functions, is related with pain intensity and interference. Finally, research and clinical implications of the findings of these studies are discussed

Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Scoping Review

Currently, all available therapies for the control and management of fibromyalgia (FM) are mostly focused on relieving patients’ symptoms and improving their quality of life. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in patients with FM and evidence-based guidance on the possible adjuvant use of WBC in the treatment of FM. We searched the most recent literature by retrieving 10 eligible studies, 4 of which were abstracts only, from a total of 263 records. Thermal stress caused by cryostimulation induces an analgesic effect, improving pain, redox balance, and inflammatory symptoms in an exercise-mimicking fashion. In addition, it reduces the feeling of fatigue, improves mood, and reduces mental health deterioration with positive consequences on depressive states and improved sleep quality. Although the studies included in this review are not of sufficient quality and quantity to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of WBC in FM, initial evidence indicates WBC as a promising add-on option in the multidisciplinary treatment of FM, due to its rapid action and high patients’ compliance. The application of WBC protocols has the potential to expand therapeutic options for the treatment of FM and related disorders; however, larger, high-quality primary studies are still needed

Mortality of Patients With Candidemia and COVID-19: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Mortality of candidemia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has not been deeply studied despite evidence suggesting an increased occurrence. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the available evidence about these patients' mortality and length of stay. Data about the in-hospital, all-cause and 30-day mortality, and length of stay were pooled. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-six articles out of the 1915 records retrieved during the search were included in this review. The pooled in-hospital mortality was 62.62% (95% CI, 54.77% to 69.86%), while the mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) was 66.77% (95% CI, 57.70% to 74.75%). The pooled median in-hospital length of stay was 30.41 (95% CI, 12.28 to 48.55) days, while the pooled median length of stay in the ICU was 28.28 (95% CI, 20.84 to 35.73) days. The subgroup analyses did not identify the sources of heterogeneity in any of the analyses. Our results showed high mortality in patients with candidemia and COVID-19, suggesting the need to consider screening measures to prevent this life-threatening condition

A proposal on cancer data quality checks: one common procedure for European cancer registries (version 1.1)

During the last two years the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) have been working in preparing the 2015 ENCR-JRC call for data and developing the JRC-ENCR Quality Check software (QCS). The JRC Technical Report ‘A proposal on cancer data quality checks: one common procedure for European cancer registries’, published in November 2014, was the basis for preparing the 2015 data call protocol and developing the QCS. Nevertheless, there are some small differences in variables considered and their respective formats between the 2014 JRC Technical Report and the 2015 call for data protocol. In addition to that, quality checks for multiple primary tumours have been included in the QCS. Moreover, a few errors in the 2014 report were identified and were corrected in the present document. The objective of this addendum is to update version 1.0 of the JRC Technical Report ‘A proposal on cancer data quality checks: one common procedure for European cancer registries’ according to the 2015 ENCR-JRC call for data protocol, the QCS latest version and the feedback obtained from the users.JRC.F.1-Health in Societ

The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Health Care Workers-Part II: Structural Validity of Scales Assessing Mental Health

It is unclear if the factor structure of the questionnaires that were employed by studies addressing the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Healthcare Workers (HCW) did not change due to the pandemic. The aim of this study is to assess the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the factor structure of the General Health Questionnare-12 (GHQ-12), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5-Short Form (PCL-5-SF), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10) and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF). Out of n = 805 HCWs from a University hospital who responded to a pre-COVID-19 survey, n = 431 were re-assessed after the COVID-19 outbreak. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on the MBI showed adequate fit and good internal consistency only after removal of items 2, 6, 12 and 16. The assumptions of configural and metric longitudinal invariance were met, whereas scalar longitudinal invariance did not hold. CFAs and exploratory bifactor analyses performed using data from the second wave confirmed that the GHQ-12, the PCL-5-SF, the PTGI-SF and the CD-RISC-10 were unidimensional. In conclusion, we found support for a refined version of the MBI. The comparison of mean MBI values in HCWs before and after the pandemic should be interpreted with caution

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Obesity and Eating Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Mapping Review

Eating and weight disorders often develop early in life and cause a long-standing significant health burden. Given the documented role of emotional intelligence (EI) in shaping the body image and predicting the onset of eating disorders, knowledge of the mechanisms involved in EI among youth is fundamental to designing specific interventions for screening and prevention of obesity and eating disorders (EDs). The present systematic mapping review was aimed to explore and quantify the nature and distribution of existing research investigating the impact of EI on EDs in young people. A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was used to assess the included studies' methodological quality. The included studies' results were mapped based on stratification by age groups (children, preadolescents, and adolescents), population (clinical vs. non-clinical) and disordered eating outcomes. Nine studies were included, supporting the association between EI and body image dissatisfaction, ED risk and bulimic symptomatology, but not with anorexic symptoms. Research on children and clinical populations was scant. Further studies are needed to deepen the role of EI in the genesis and maintenance of EDs

The independent and interactive effects of changes in overtime and night shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout among nurses: a longitudinal study

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of changes in overtime and night shifts on burnout among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Nurses working in an Italian university hospital (N=317) completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory in September 2019 and again in December 2020. Based on hospital administrative data, changes in overtime and night shifts in the same years were categorized into three groups each. Linear regressions were used to estimate 2020 burnout differences between exposure groups, controlling for 2019 burnout levels, demographic and work-related characteristics, and to test the interaction between the two exposures. Results: Nurses in the onset of high overtime group had higher emotional exhaustion [4.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74-6.92], depersonalization (2.10, 95% CI 0.49-3.71), and poor personal accomplishment (2.64, 95% CI 0.55-4.74) compared to stable low overtime nurses. Nurses in the increase in night shifts group had lower emotional exhaustion (-4.49, 95% CI -7.46- -1.52) compared to no night shift nurses. Interaction analyses revealed that this apparently paradoxical effect was limited to stable low overtime nurses only. Moreover, increases in night shifts were associated with higher depersonalization and poor personal accomplishment in nurses in the stable high overtime group. Conclusions: Increase in overtime is an independent risk factor for burnout among nurses, highlighting the need for specific regulations and actions to address it. Long-standing guidelines for the assignment of night shifts might have contributed to attenuate the impact of their increase on nurses' mental health

The North Italian Longitudinal Study Assessing the Mental Health Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Health Care Workers-Part I: Study Design and Psychometric Structural Validity of the HSE Indicator Tool and Work Satisfaction Scale

Literature on the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the mental health of Health Care Workers (HCWs) is mostly based on cross-sectional surveys. We designed a longitudinal study to assess work-related stress and mental health before and after the pandemic onset in a university-hospital in Lombardia region, Italy. We report on sample representativeness and structural validity of questionnaires assessing work stress (HSE Indicator Tool, HSE-IT) and work satisfaction (WS), which were not validated in the HCWs population. n = 1287 HCWs from 67 hospital wards/offices were invited to an online survey in summer 2019 (pre-COVID-19 wave) and again during winter 2020 (COVID-19 wave). Selected hospital wards/offices did not differ from the remaining wards for turn-over and down-sizing rates, overload, sick leaves, and night shifts (Wilcoxon rank tests p-values > 0.05). Participation rates were 70% (n = 805) and 60% (n = 431) in the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 waves, respectively. Socio-demographic and work-related characteristics did not impact data completeness nor participation to the COVID-19 wave. While confirming a 7-component structure for HSE-IT, we identified a new factor related to participation in work organization. A one-factor model for WS had satisfactory fit. Our longitudinal study based on a representative sample and adopting validated questionnaires is well-suited to elucidate the role of work conditions on the development of mental health disorders in HCWs

Factor Structure, Validity, and Reliability of the STarT Back Screening Tool in Italian Obese and Non-obese Patients With Low Back Pain

Background: The STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST) is a self-report questionnaire developed for prognostic purposes which evaluates risk factors for disability outcomes in patients with chronic low back pain. Previous studies found that its use enables to provide a cost-effective stratified care. However, its dimensionality has been assessed only using exploratory approaches, and reports on its psychometric properties are conflicting.Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the factorial structure and the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST).Materials and Methods: Patients with medical diagnosis of low back pain were enrolled from a rehabilitation unit of a tertiary care hospital specialized in obesity care (Sample 1) and from a clinical internship center of an osteopathic training institute (Sample 2). At baseline and after 7 days patients were asked to fill a battery of self-report questionnaires. The factorial structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the SBST were assessed.Results: One hundred forty-six patients were enrolled (62 from Sample 1 and 84 from Sample 2). The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit of the original two-correlated factors model was adequate (CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03). Cronbach's alpha of the total scale (alpha = 0.64) and of the subscales (physical subscale alpha = 0.55; psychological subscale alpha = 0.61) was below the cutoffs, partly because of the low correlation of item 2 with the other items. Test-retest reliability was adequate (ICC = 0.84). The SBST had moderate correlations with comparisons questionnaires, except for the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, which had a high correlation (r = 0.65).Discussion: The SBST has adequate psychometric properties and can be used to assess prognostic factors for disability in low back pain patients

Exploring Addictive Online Behaviors in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1

Background: Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological sleep disorder caused by the loss of neurons that produce hypocretin—a peptide that plays a crucial role in addictive behaviors. We aimed to compare, for the first time, levels of problematic online gaming, problematic social media use, and compulsive Internet use between NT1 patients and healthy controls (HC), and to evaluate the association between anxiety, depression, and emotion dysregulation with addictive online behaviors in NT1 patients. Methods: A total of 43 patients with NT1 and 86 sex- and age-matched HC participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Results: NT1 patients did not differ from HC in terms of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use but displayed higher levels of problematic online gaming compared to HC. Higher levels of emotion dysregulation were significantly associated with higher levels of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use, while none of the tested factors were associated with problematic online gaming. Conclusion: NT1 patients and HC had similar levels of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use, but NT1 patients showed higher levels of problematic online gaming. Emotion dysregulation might be an intervention target for reducing compulsive Internet use and problematic social media use