Tipologi Dan Morfologi Arsitektur Suku Banjar Di Kal-Sel

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengetahui tipologi dan morfologi arsitektur daerah Suku Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan sehingga ketidakjelasan tipe arsitektur Banjar yang ada saat ini dapat dipecahkan secara ilmiah.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah rumah tradisional yang berumur rata-rata lebih dari 50 tahun. Sampel yang digunakan adalah sampel bertujuan (purposive sample) dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan metode bola salju (snow ball sampling). Analisis data, dimulai dengan menelaah seluruh data, reduksi data, menyusun data-data dalam satuan-satuan, mengkategorisasikan, dan memeriksa keabsahan data. Tahap analisis dilanjutkan dengan tahap penafsiran data. Bagian analisis yang terpenting adalah mengkategorisasikan yang didasarkan pada metode analisis komparatif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Tipomorfologi arsitektur suku Banjar dapat dijelaskan berdasar beragam tema yang mempengaruhi perkembangan arsitektur Suku Banjar, yaitu; berdasar kesamaan yang menjadi ciri khas (geometrik), berdasar pengaruh kebudayaan suku, berdasar pengaruh kepercayaan dan agama, berdasar tata ruang, berdasar struktur dan konstruksi, berdasar lokasi, dan berdasar ornamen/ ragam hias.Keberadaan masing-masing tema yang mempengaruhi pembentukan tipo- morfologi Suku Banjar di atas saling berhubungan erat antar satu dengan yang lainnya sehingga tidak bisa dilepaskan dalam pembentukan pemahaman

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

Functional roles of domestic and wild host populations in infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) epidemiology have been extensively discussed claiming a domestic reservoir for the more susceptible wild hosts, however, based on limited data. With the aim to better assess IKC epidemiology in complex host-pathogen alpine systems, the long-term infectious dynamics and molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae was investigated in all host populations from six study areas in the Pyrenees and one in the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain). Detection of M. conjunctivae was performed by qPCR on 3600 eye swabs collected during seven years from hunted wild ungulates and sympatric domestic sheep (n = 1800 animals), and cluster analyses of the strains were performed including previous reported local strains. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was consistently detected in three Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) populations, as well as in sheep flocks (17.0% of sheep) and occasionally in mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) from the Pyrenees (22.2% in one year/area); statistically associated with ocular clinical signs only in chamois. Chamois populations showed different infection dynamics with low but steady prevalence (4.9%) and significant yearly fluctuations (0.0%- 40.0%). Persistence of specific M. conjunctivae strain clusters in wild host populations is demonstrated for six and nine years. Cross-species transmission between chamois and sheep and chamois and mouflon were also sporadically evidenced. Overall, independent M. conjunctivae sylvatic and domestic cycles occurred at the wildlife-livestock interface in the alpine ecosystems from the Pyrenees with sheep and chamois as the key host species for each cycle, and mouflon as a spill-over host. Host population characteristics and M. conjunctivae strains resulted in different epidemiological scenarios in chamois, ranging from the fading out of the mycoplasma to the epidemic and endemic long-term persistence. These findings highlight the capacity of M. conjunctivae to establish diverse interactions and persist in host populations, also with different transmission conditions

Additional file 1: of Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in wild Caprinae: merging field observations and molecular analyses sheds light on factors shaping outbreak dynamics

Spatial distribution and estimated densities of wild mountain ungulates in the two study regions in 2010. Densities are expressed in animals/km2 and base on direct animal counts. A: French Alps; B: French Pyrenees (source: ONCFS [44]). (TIF 23772 kb

Additional file 3: of Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in wild Caprinae: merging field observations and molecular analyses sheds light on factors shaping outbreak dynamics

List of the detected strains. The accession number in GenBank, the animals from which the strains come from, and details about samples, signs of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), date of sampling and geographic origin of the animals are indicated for each strain. (DOCX 17 kb

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

Functional roles of domestic and wild host populations in infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) epidemiology have been extensively discussed claiming a domestic reservoir for the more susceptible wild hosts, however, based on limited data. With the aim to better assess IKC epidemiology in complex host-pathogen alpine systems, the long-term infectious dynamics and molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae was investigated in all host populations from six study areas in the Pyrenees and one in the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain). Detection of M. conjunctivae was performed by qPCR on 3600 eye swabs collected during seven years from hunted wild ungulates and sympatric domestic sheep (n = 1800 animals), and cluster analyses of the strains were performed including previous reported local strains. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was consistently detected in three Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) populations, as well as in sheep flocks (17.0% of sheep) and occasionally in mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) from the Pyrenees (22.2% in one year/area); statistically associated with ocular clinical signs only in chamois. Chamois populations showed different infection dynamics with low but steady prevalence (4.9%) and significant yearly fluctuations (0.0%- 40.0%). Persistence of specific M. conjunctivae strain clusters in wild host populations is demonstrated for six and nine years. Cross-species transmission between chamois and sheep and chamois and mouflon were also sporadically evidenced. Overall, independent M. conjunctivae sylvatic and domestic cycles occurred at the wildlife-livestock interface in the alpine ecosystems from the Pyrenees with sheep and chamois as the key host species for each cycle, and mouflon as a spill-over host. Host population characteristics and M. conjunctivae strains resulted in different epidemiological scenarios in chamois, ranging from the fading out of the mycoplasma to the epidemic and endemic long-term persistence. These findings highlight the capacity of M. conjunctivae to establish diverse interactions and persist in host populations, also with different transmission conditions

Temporal trend of <i>M</i>. <i>conjunctivae</i> prevalence in Pyrenean chamois from three study areas where it was detected.

<p>Temporal trend of <i>M</i>. <i>conjunctivae</i> prevalence in Pyrenean chamois from three study areas where it was detected.</p

Modeled trend curves of <i>Mycoplasma conjunctivae</i> infection in Pyrenean chamois by generalized additive models.

<p>Infection indices show evident curve differences by study area, in which the interaction of year with the study area resulted statistically significant in NGR Alt Pallars and Vall Aran, but not in NGR Freser Setcases.</p

Cluster analyses tree of <i>Mycoplasma conjunctivae</i> strains.

<p>The tree was inferred using the UPGMA method and including strains identified in chamois, sheep and mouflon during a ten-year period in the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated strains clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches if ≥50%. The four main clusters that include wild ruminants <b>(A-D)</b> are shown. Chamois strains mainly clustered by geographic origin in PyFS <b>(B),</b> and PyAP together with PyVA as a single epidemiological unit <b>(A)</b>. Shared strain clusters among different host species is observed between chamois and mouflon <b>(B)</b> and chamois and sheep <b>(C)</b>. Sequences from other geographic regions that were included for comparison are showed without background colour. Information associate to each strain is provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0186069#pone.0186069.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>.</p

Distribution of animals sampled by study areas and species.

<p>Distribution of animals sampled by study areas and species.</p

Spatio-temporal distribution of <i>Mycoplasma conjunctivae</i> infection in Pyrenean chamois from NGR Freser-Setcasas (PyFS).

<p>Orange dots are <i>M</i>. <i>conjunctivae</i> qPCR-positive chamois and green dots are qPCR-negative chamois. The bar graph at the bottom of each map shows the number of qPCR-positive chamois (dark grey) in total sampled chamois by month that year.</p