4 research outputs found
Biosynthesis of Astrocytic Trehalose Regulates Neuronal Arborization in Hippocampal Neurons
Trehalose
is a nonreducing disaccharide that has recently attracted
much attention because of its ability to inhibit protein aggregation,
induce autophagy, and protect against dissections and strokes. In
vertebrates, the biosynthesis of trehalose was long considered absent
due to the lack of annotated genes involved in this process. In contrast,
trehalase (TreH), which is an enzyme required for the cleavage of
trehalose, is known to be conserved and expressed. Here, we show that
trehalose is present as an endogenous metabolite in the rodent hippocampus.
We found that primary astrocytes were able to synthesize trehalose
and release it into the extracellular space. Notably, the TreH enzyme
was observed only in the soma of neurons, which are the exclusive
users of this substrate. A statistical analysis of the metabolome
during different stages of maturation indicated that this metabolite
is implicated in neuronal maturation. A morphological analysis of
primary neurons confirmed that trehalose is required for neuronal
arborization
Biosynthesis of Astrocytic Trehalose Regulates Neuronal Arborization in Hippocampal Neurons
Trehalose
is a nonreducing disaccharide that has recently attracted
much attention because of its ability to inhibit protein aggregation,
induce autophagy, and protect against dissections and strokes. In
vertebrates, the biosynthesis of trehalose was long considered absent
due to the lack of annotated genes involved in this process. In contrast,
trehalase (TreH), which is an enzyme required for the cleavage of
trehalose, is known to be conserved and expressed. Here, we show that
trehalose is present as an endogenous metabolite in the rodent hippocampus.
We found that primary astrocytes were able to synthesize trehalose
and release it into the extracellular space. Notably, the TreH enzyme
was observed only in the soma of neurons, which are the exclusive
users of this substrate. A statistical analysis of the metabolome
during different stages of maturation indicated that this metabolite
is implicated in neuronal maturation. A morphological analysis of
primary neurons confirmed that trehalose is required for neuronal
arborization
Additional file 1: of Observational study on the prognostic value of testosterone and adiposity in postmenopausal estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients
Figure S1. Workflow for the selection of TPM-ER-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Shows the workflow for the selection of ER-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients, starting from the 592 initial women recruited consecutively in the TPM cohort from December 2003 to December 2006, at Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. (PDF 42 kb
Additional file 2: of Observational study on the prognostic value of testosterone and adiposity in postmenopausal estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients
Figure S2. Boxplots of circulating level of testosterone (ng/mL) according to tumour histology (IDC = Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; ILC = Invasive Lobular Carcinoma), Grade (G), number of metastatic axillary lymph Nodes (N), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2 status of ER-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Number and percentage of patients in each group are reported and p-values are given. The bar inside the box is the median value and the box upper and lower dimensions define the inter-quartile range. Shows the boxplots of circulating level of testosterone (ng/mL) according to the other tumour characteristics considered in the study (histology, tumour grade, axillary nodal status, PR and HER-2 status). On the whole, the results did not indicate an association between circulating level of testosterone and unfavorable tumour characteristics as high tumour grade, axillary involvement or HER2 overexpression. (PDF 22 kb