Humans and Water in Desert “Refugium” Areas: Palynological Evidence of Climate Oscillations and Cultural Developments in Early and Mid-Holocene Saharan Edges

Saharan anthropic deposits from archaeological sites, located along wadis or close to lakes, and sedimentary sequences from permanent and dried basins demonstrate that water has always been an attractive environmental feature, especially during periods of drought. This paper reports on two very different examples of Holocene sites where “humans and water” coexisted during dry periods, as observed by stratigraphic, archaeological and palynological evidence. Independent research was carried out on the Jefara Plain (Libya, 32°N) and the Gobero area (Niger, 17°N), at the extreme northern and southern limits of the Sahara, respectively. The histories of the Jefara and Gobero areas, as revealed by the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, suggest that these areas were likely to have been visited and exploited for a long time, acting as anthropic refugia, and therefore they have been profoundly transformed. Human presence and actions have conditioned the local growing of plants and selected a more or less synanthropic flora. Today, modern conservation strategies should take into consideration that water reservoirs, which are crucial for the long-term conservation of biodiversity, have provided refugia in the past just as they presently do under global warming conditions

Effect of psychosocial stress and coping strategies on non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with generalized stage III/IV periodontitis: a longitudinal intervention study

Objectives: The aim of this longitudinal intervention study was to assess the impact of psychosocial stress and coping response strategies on the clinical outcomes in periodontitis patients treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Materials and methods: After the administration of psychological questionnaires, patients diagnosed with generalized stage III–IV periodontitis were categorized into different groups depending on their stress levels (10-item perceived stress level (PSS-10)) and coping response strategies (coping responses inventory (CRI)). Clinical data were collected 1 week before and 3 months after the completion of NSPT. Results: Of the 90 patients included at baseline, 27 presented major and 63 minor stress levels, while 40 had avoidance and 50 approach coping behavior. All clinical parameters were similar at the baseline across different categories. At re-evaluation, full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS), mean probing pocket depth (PPD), and number of residual pathological pockets were significantly superior in groups with higher stress levels (p <0.001, p =0.001, and p =0.020, respectively), while higher full-mouth plaque scores (FMPS) and FMBS were found in patients with avoidance coping strategies (p =0.009 and p <0.001, respectively). When jointly evaluated, an added detrimental effect of coping styles on allostatic load was observed. Multivariate analysis confirmed a significant effect of stress levels and coping strategies on final FMBS, but not of coping on mean PPD. Conclusion: Psychosocial stress and avoidance coping strategy seem to negatively influence the clinical outcomes of NSPT at short term (NCT04739475; 9/1/2017). Practical implications: Based on these findings, patients reflecting these psychological profiles should be considered at greater risk for poor NSPT response and may benefit from complementary stress management strategies

Aproximaciones en el estudio de bases de datos espacio-temporales y ruteo sobre redes móviles

Nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en estudiar la siguiente problemática. Sobre una red móvil, total o parcialmente desconocida, transitan objetos que buscan una ruta partiendo de un cierto origen hacia un destino dado, basándose en heurísticas definidas a partir de caracterizaciones propias de la red. Además, se requiere mantener y consultar información acerca de los movimientos de los objetos en la red a través del tiempo. Para ello vinculamos dos disciplinas, Bases de Datos Espacio-Temporales y Geometría Computacional. En la primera, estudiamos métodos de acceso que almacenan y recuperan información de objetos cuyo movimiento se encuentra restringido a redes predefinidas, buscando extender sus capacidades a redes móviles. En el segundo campo, estudiamos Algoritmos de Ruteo, ya que investigaciones recientes mostraron que tales redes móviles pueden ser modeladas como grafos geométricos, proporcionando diversas estrategias de ruteo.Eje: Ingeniería de Software y Base de DatosRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Aproximaciones en el estudio de bases de datos espacio-temporales y ruteo sobre redes móviles

Nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en estudiar la siguiente problemática. Sobre una red móvil, total o parcialmente desconocida, transitan objetos que buscan una ruta partiendo de un cierto origen hacia un destino dado, basándose en heurísticas definidas a partir de caracterizaciones propias de la red. Además, se requiere mantener y consultar información acerca de los movimientos de los objetos en la red a través del tiempo. Para ello vinculamos dos disciplinas, Bases de Datos Espacio-Temporales y Geometría Computacional. En la primera, estudiamos métodos de acceso que almacenan y recuperan información de objetos cuyo movimiento se encuentra restringido a redes predefinidas, buscando extender sus capacidades a redes móviles. En el segundo campo, estudiamos Algoritmos de Ruteo, ya que investigaciones recientes mostraron que tales redes móviles pueden ser modeladas como grafos geométricos, proporcionando diversas estrategias de ruteo.Eje: Ingeniería de Software y Base de DatosRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change

Background: Approximately two hundred human burials were discovered on the edge of a paleolake in Niger that providea uniquely preserved record of human occupation in the Sahara during the Holocene (,8000 B.C.E. to the present). CalledGobero, this suite of closely spaced sites chronicles the rapid pace of biosocial change in the southern Sahara in response tosevere climatic fluctuation.Methodology/Principal Findings: Two main occupational phases are identified that correspond with humid intervals in theearly and mid-Holocene, based on 78 direct AMS radiocarbon dates on human remains, fauna and artifacts, as well as 9 OSLdates on paleodune sand. The older occupants have craniofacial dimensions that demonstrate similarities with mid-Holocene occupants of the southern Sahara and Late Pleistocene to early Holocene inhabitants of the Maghreb. Theirhyperflexed burials compose the earliest cemetery in the Sahara dating to ,7500 B.C.E. These early occupants abandon thearea under arid conditions and, when humid conditions return ,4600 B.C.E., are replaced by a more gracile people withelaborated grave goods including animal bone and ivory ornaments.Conclusions/Significance: The principal significance of Gobero lies in its extraordinary human, faunal, and archaeologicalrecord, from which we conclude the following:(1) The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700–6200 B.C.E.) were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers withlakeside funerary sites that include the earliest recorded cemetery in the Sahara.(2) Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero with askeletally robust, trans-Saharan assemblage of Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene human populations from the Maghreband southern Sahara.(3) Gobero was abandoned during a period of severe aridification possibly as long as one millennium (6200–5200 B.C.E).(4) More gracile humans arrived in the mid-Holocene (5200–2500 B.C.E.) employing a diversified subsistence economybased on clams, fish, and savanna vertebrates as well as some cattle husbandry.(5) Population replacement after a harsh arid hiatus is the most likely explanation for the occupational sequence at Gobero.(6) We are just beginnin

Quaternary glacial history of the Mediterranean mountains

Glacial and periglacial landforms are widespread in the mountains of the Mediterranean region. The evidence for glacial and periglacial activity has been studied for over 120 years and it is possible to identify three phases of development in this area of research. First, a pioneer phase characterized by initial descriptive observations of glacial landforms; second, a mapping phase whereby the detailed distribution of glacial landforms and sediments have been depicted on geomorphological maps; and, third, an advanced phase characterized by detailed understanding of the geochronology of glacial sequences using radiometric dating alongside detailed sedimentological and stratigraphical analyses. It is only relatively recently that studies of glaciated mountain terrains in the Mediterranean region have reached an advanced phase and it is now clear from radiometric dating programmes that the Mediterranean mountains have been glaciated during multiple glacial cycles. The most extensive phases of glaciation appear to have occurred during the Middle Pleistocene. This represents a major shift from earlier work whereby many glacial sequences were assumed to have formed during the last cold stage. Glacial and periglacial deposits from multiple Quaternary cold stages constitute a valuable palaeoclimatic record. This is especially so in the Mediterranean mountains, since mountain glaciers in this latitudinal zone would have been particularly sensitive to changes in the global climate system. © 2006 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd