The Procurement and Presentation of Evidence in Courts-Martial: Compulsory Process and Confrontation

Although pretrial litigation often seems to render trial on the merits something of an anti-climax, adversarial adjudication is of course the focus of the criminal justice system, military or civilian. Once trial on the merits has begun, trial and defense counsel naturally utilize the rules of evidence in the fashion most likely to make the most of the evidence available to them. Yet, as all lawyers are aware, the period since the enactment of the Uniform Code of Military Justice has brought sweeping changes not only in military criminal law, but also in the constitutionalization of the law of evidence. Increasingly, considerations of compulsory process and confrontation play important roles in determining what evidence can be obtained and used at trial. Accordingly, this article undertakes to review the law applicable to the procurement and admission of evidence on the merits in the armed forces in light of the Sixth Amendment rights to compulsory process and confrontation. Such a review necessarily entails a considerations of matters which are generally considered procedural, primarily the law applicable to witness procurement, as well as matters clearly evidentiary in nature

Subduction beneath Laurentia modified the eastern North American cratonic edge : Evidence from P wave and S wave tomography

Funding Information: NERC Doctoral Training Partnership: Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet and Leverhulme Trust Acknowledgments A.B. is funded by the NERC Doctoral Training Partnership: Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet. I.B. is funded by the Leverhulme Trust. F.D. acknowledges funding from NSERC through their Discovery grants and Canada Research Chairs program. We thank J. VanDecar for use of his tomographic inversion and MCCC codes. SAC [Helffrich et al., 2013] and GMT [Wessel and Smith, 1995] software were also used to process seismic data obtained from the IRIS DMC and from the Canadian National Data Centre (Natural Resources Canada). A digital supplement is also available to download containing models and the processed relative arrival‐time data set, additional information is available from A.B. (email: [email protected]). Discussing the implications of our tomographic results with S. Goes and A. Hynes provided great motivation for this manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers helped clarify our interpretations.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

External evaluation of mobile phone technology-based nutrition and agriculture advisory services in Africa and South Asia

The GSM Association (GSMA), working with a wide range of mobile network operators and civil society organisations, is launching a series of nutrition-focused m-health and m-agriculture initiatives in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. GSMA refers to nutrition-enhanced initiatives collectively as ‘m-nutrition’. This report summarises the plans for an impact evaluation of two of these nutrition-enhanced initiatives: mHealth in Tanzania and mAgri in Ghana. The evaluation consists of three integrated components: a quantitative impact evaluation, a qualitative evaluation focusing on implementation fidelity, pathways of impact and external validity, and an evaluation of the sustainability of the business model behind the mNutrition initiative. The business model evaluation compares the two initiatives described above with a third, mHealth in Ghana, which is closer to the GSMA core commercial model, and additionally, possibly to retain a view on Bangladesh, mAgri to generate more heterogeneity in conclusions.Department for International Development (DFID

Transmission rates and adaptive evolution of pathogens in sympatric heterogeneous plant populations

Diversification in agricultural cropping patterns is widely practised to delay the build–up of virulent races that can overcome host resistance in pathogen populations. This can lead to balanced polymorphism, but the long–term consequences of this strategy for the evolution of crop pathogen populations are still unclear. The widespread occurrence of sibling species and reproductively isolated sub–species among fungal and oomycete plant pathogens suggests that evolutionary divergence is common. This paper develops a mathematical model of host–pathogen interactions using a simple framework of two hosts to analyse the influences of sympatric host heterogeneity on the long–term evolutionary behaviour of plant pathogens. Using adaptive dynamics, which assumes that sequential mutations induce small changes in pathogen fitness, we show that evolutionary outcomes strongly depend on the shape of the trade–off curve between pathogen transmission on sympatric hosts. In particular, we determine the conditions under which the evolutionary branching of a monomorphic into a dimorphic population occurs, as well as the conditions that lead to the evolution of specialist (single host range) or generalist (multiple host range) pathogen populations

The convivial and the pastoral in patient-doctor relationships : a multi-country study of patient stories of care, choice and medical authority in cancer diagnostic processes

Experiences of cancer diagnosis are changing in light of both the increasingly technological‐clinical diagnostic processes and the socio‐political context in which interpersonal relations take place. This has raised questions about how we might understand patient–doctor relationship marked by asymmetries of knowledge and social capital, but that emphasise patients’ empowered choices and individualised care. As part of an interview study of 155 participants with bowel or lung cancer across Denmark, England and Sweden, we explored participants’ stories of the decisions made during their cancer diagnostic process. By focusing on the intersections of care, choice and medical authority – a convivial pastoral dynamic – we provide a conceptual analysis of the normative ambivalences in people's stories of their cancer diagnosis. We found that participants drew from care, choice and medical authority to emphasise their relationality and interdependence with their doctors in their stories of their diagnosis. Importantly negotiations of an asymmetrical patient–doctor relationship were part of an on‐going realisation of the healthcare processes as a human endeavour. We were therefore able to draw attention to the limitations of dichotomising emancipatory‐empowerment discourses and argue for a theorisation of the patient–doctor relationship as a contextually bounded and relationally ambivalent humanity

A Reappraisal of the H-κ Stacking Technique : Implications for Global Crustal Structure

We thank two anonymous reviewers and editor Michael Ritzwoller for insightful comments which have improved this manuscript. We also thank H. Meek for hard work during the early stages of this project and S. Pilidou, I. Dimitriadis, P. Iosif and their colleagues at the Geological Survey Department of Cyprus for their help establishing the TROODOS network (Bastow et al., 2017). V. Lane and D. Daly (both of SEIS-UK), A. Boyce, M. Liddell and R. Kounoudis were all excellent field assistants in Cyprus. SAC (Helffrich et al., 2013) and GMT (Wessel and Smith, 1991) software were used to process and image seismic data, which were sourced from IRIS DMC and ORFEUS. C.S. Ogden is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Doctoral Training Partnership: Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet, Grant Number NE/L002515/1. S. Rondenay’s contribution to this work was supported by Career Integration Grant 321871 - GLImER from the FP7 Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission, and by the Research Council of Norway FRINATEK programme through SwaMMIS project 231354.Peer reviewedPostprin

Thermal Design for Extra-Terrestrial Regenerative Fuel Cell System

The Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Advanced Modular Power Systems (AMPS) Project is investigating different power systems for various lunar and Martian mission concepts. The AMPS Fuel Cell (FC) team has created two system-level models to evaluate the performance of regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems employing different fuel cell chemistries. Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells PEMFCs contain a polymer electrolyte membrane that separates the hydrogen and oxygen cavities and conducts hydrogen cations (protons) across the cell. Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperatures, using a zirconia-based solid ceramic electrolyte to conduct oxygen anions across the cell. The purpose of the modeling effort is to down select one fuel cell chemistry for a more detailed design effort. Figures of merit include the system mass, volume, round trip efficiency, and electrolyzer charge power required. PEMFCs operate at around 60 C versus SOFCs which operate at temperatures greater than 700 C. Due to the drastically different operating temperatures of the two chemistries the thermal control systems (TCS) differ. The PEM TCS is less complex and is characterized by a single pump cooling loop that uses deionized water coolant and rejects heat generated by the system to the environment via a radiator. The solid oxide TCS has its own unique challenges including the requirement to reject high quality heat and to condense the steam produced in the reaction. This paper discusses the modeling of thermal control systems for an extraterrestrial RFC that utilizes either a PEM or solid oxide fuel cell

Spatial sampling to detect an invasive pathogen outside of an eradication zone

Invasive pathogens are known to cause major damage to the environments they invade. Effective control of such invasive pathogens depends on early detection. In this paper we focus on sampling with the aim of detecting an invasive pathogen. To that end, we introduce the concept of optimized spatial sampling, using spatial simulated annealing, to plant pathology. It has been mathematically proven (15) that this optimization method converges to the optimum allocation of sampling points that give the largest detection probability. We show the benefits of the method to plant pathology by (i) first illustrating that optimized spatial sampling can easily be applied for disease detection, and then we show that (ii) combining it with a spatially explicit epidemic model, we can develop optimum sample schemes, i.e., optimum locations to sample that maximize the probability of detecting an invasive pathogen. This method is then used as baseline against which other sampling methods can be tested for their accuracy. For the specific example case of this paper, we test (i) random sampling, (ii) stratified sampling as well as (iii) sampling based on the output of the simulation model (using the most frequently infected hosts as sample points), and (iv) sampling the hosts closest to the outbreak point. </jats:p