MOESM3 of Spectrum and antibiogram of bacteria isolated from patients presenting with infected wounds in a Tertiary Hospital, northern Tanzania

Additional file 3: Figure S1. Bacteria isolated from acute and chronic wounds

Additional file 1: of Meta-analysis of proportion estimates of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in East Africa hospitals

The PRISMA checklist. (DOC 62 kb

Additional file 2: of Whole genome sequencing reveals high clonal diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Moshi, Tanzania

Table S2. A pairwise genome comparison matrix of SNP differences for E. coli ST10 clonal complex. (XLS 29 kb

Additional file 1: of Whole genome sequencing reveals high clonal diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Moshi, Tanzania

Table S1. A pairwise genome comparison matrix of SNP differences for E. coli ST131. (XLS 34 kb

Evaluation of the Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay to Detect Active Tuberculosis

<div><p>Background</p><p>We aimed to evaluate the antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) assay as a biomarker to diagnose tuberculosis among adults from Tanzania with and without HIV.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Adults admitted with suspicion for tuberculosis had sputa obtained for GeneXpert MTB/RIF, acid-fast bacilli smear and mycobacterial culture; blood was obtained prior to treatment initiation and after 4 weeks. Adults hospitalized with non-infectious conditions served as controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured unstimulated for 72 hours. Anti-mycobacterial antibodies were measured from culture supernatants by ELISA, using BCG vaccine as the coating antigen. Median ALS responses were compared between cases and controls at baseline and between cases over time.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of 97 TB cases, 85 were microbiologically confirmed and 12 were clinically diagnosed. Median ALS responses from TB cases (0.366 OD from confirmed cases and 0.285 from clinical cases) were higher compared to controls (0.085, p<0.001). ALS responses did not differ based on HIV status, CD4 count or sputum smear status. Over time, the median ALS values declined significantly (0.357 at baseline; 0.198 after 4-weeks, p<0.001).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Robust ALS responses were mounted by patients with TB regardless of HIV status, CD4 count, or low sputum bacillary burden, potentially conferring a unique niche for this immunologic biomarker for TB.</p></div

Reduction in ALS responses over time, based on drug resistance profile.

<p>Median ALS responses are displayed at two different time points by drug resistance profile. After four weeks of TB treatment, adults with drug-sensitive TB demonstrated a greater reduction in ALS responses, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.057, Wilcoxon signed rank test).</p

ALS response by disease status.

<p>Data are shows as median values and interquartile range within the boxplots, and range within the whiskers. Compared to controls, ALS responses were higher among both TB groups, p<0.001 by Kruskal-Wallis test.</p

Receiver operator characteristic curve.

<p>Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were created using ALS responses from microbiologically-confirmed TB cases (n = 85) and non-TB controls (n = 28). The area under the curve is 0.970. The arrow indicates a proposed threshold for assay positivity which maximizes sensitivity (92%) and specificity (96%).</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics.

<p>Demographic and clinical characteristics.</p