Darwin wasps: a new name heralds renewed efforts to unravel the evolutionary history of Ichneumonidae

The parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae is arguably one of the groups for which current knowledge lags most strongly behind their enormous diversity. In a five-day meeting in Basel (Switzerland) in June 2019, 22 researchers from 14 countries met to discuss the most important issues in ichneumonid research, including increasing the speed of species discovery, resolving higher-level relationships, and studying the radiation of these parasitoids onto various host groups through time. All agreed that it is time to advertise ichneumonid research more broadly and thereby attract young talents to this group for which specialists are sorely lacking, as well as increase public awareness about their exciting biology and ecological impact. In order to popularize the group, we here suggest a new vernacular name for the family, “Darwin wasps”, to reflect the pivotal role they played in convincing Charles Darwin that not all of creation could have been created by a benevolent god. We hope that the name catches on, and that Darwin wasps start buzzing more loudly across all disciplines of biology

Glyptapanteles erucadesolator Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin 2022, sp. nov.

Glyptapanteles erucadesolator Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 22704EB8-67CA-41FF-BACE-0B9CD656788C Fig. 33 Diagnosis Glyptapanteles erucadesolator sp. nov. is in the G. arcanus species group and can be separated from other members of the species group, other than from G. lambkinae sp. nov., by having the propodeum with very coarse and strong rugose sculpting and T1 with strong sculpturing. Glyptapanteles arcanus sp. nov., G. vergrandiacus sp. nov. and G. goodwinnoakes sp. nov. also have coarse sculpturing on the propodeum (although to a lesser degree), but T1 is either smooth or with clear punctures (but not rugose sculpturing). It is noted, however, that all these species are morphologically very similar and identifications should be made with DNA barcodes. There was not a morphological character found to easily differentiate Glyptapanteles erucadesolator sp. nov. from G. lambkinae sp. nov., which are sister lineages in the current phylogeny (Fig. 2); however, as the species differ by 2 bp in the wingless sequence and there is>6% divergence in the COI barcode, we feel confident that these are different species. Etymology The species epithet ‘ erucadesolator ’ is derived from the Latin words ‘eruca’ (‘caterpillar’) and ‘desolator’ (‘destroyer’) and refers to the lepidopteran parasitoid habit of this subfamily. It is a noun in apposition. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♀; Queensland, Hermit Park; -19.2828, 146.801; 10 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 2008; G. Cocks leg.; Malaise trap; gvc9348-1L, BOLD: HYQT050-08; QM T250954. Paratypes AUSTRALIA – Northern Territory • 1 ♀; Gregory National Park, Station Creek, 0.2 km NNW of Bullita Camp Ground; -16.1117, 130.423; 12 Jan. 2001; M.E. Irwin, F.D. Parker and C. Lambkin leg.; Extraction160, BOLD:AUMIC054-18; ANIC 32 130199. – Queensland • 1 ♂; Hervey Range; -19.3812, 146.449; 380 m a.s.l.; 22 Aug. 2017; G. Cocks leg.; Malaise trap; gvcT10741, BOLD: GCQT2624-18; QM T250955. Description Female COLOURATION. Gena without a pale spot; labrum mostly dark; scape colour in ventral half uniformly paler than flagellomeres or the same colour or darker than flagellomeres; flagellomeres darkening distally; tegula pale; wing veins uniformly black or brown, or with small lighter area proximally; anteromesoscutum all dark or dark with very slight orange patches on posterolateral corners; scutellar disk and metanotum dark; propodeum dark; fore coxa dark; mid coxa dark; hind coxa dark; fore femur orange to light brown; mid femur orange to light brown; hind femur orange to light brown; fore tibia orange to light brown; mid tibia orange to light brown; hind tibia darkening posteriorly; hind basitarsus light brown; T1 dark; T2 sclerotised area dark or dark reddish-brown; T2 lateral area dark extends past indentation, but then pale; T3 mostly dark with paler lateral areas or uniformly brown; T4+ dark or reddish-brown. HOLOTYPE BODY MEASUREMENTS. Body length 2.4 mm; fore wing length 2.5 mm. HEAD. Antennal flagellomere 14 length/width 2.66; antennal flagellomere 2 length/width 2.85; OOD/ POD 2.50–2.57; IOD/POD 1.57–2.17. MESOSOMA. Anteromesoscutum sculpturing with densely scattered deep and shallow punctures of irregular size; scutellar disk sculpturing with deep irregularly spaced punctures; 8–12 pits in scutellar sulcus; propodeum with median carina absent, propodeum strongly sculptured, punctate reticulate to rugose, with smooth shining areas in posterior third. WINGS. Pterostigma length 0.54 mm; pterostigma width 0.2 mm; r 0.17 mm; 2RS 0.16 mm; 2m 0.09 mm; (RS+M)b 0.12 mm. METASOMA. T1 lateral edges parallel for anterior ½ to ⅔ of length, then narrowing posteriorly, or lateral edges parallel for anterior ¾ of length, then narrowing posteriorly; T1 mostly smooth, some shallow rugose sculpturing in posterior half; T1 length 0.37 mm; T1 width at posterior edge 0.08 mm; T2 an isosceles trapezoid, lateral edges straight; T2 smooth and shiny, some shallow punctures along posterior edge; T2 length 0.16 mm; T2 width at posterior edge 0.27 mm; ovipositor slightly protruding from end of metasoma. Male As female, antennal flagellomeres slightly longer. Remarks Glyptapanteles erucadesolator sp. nov. constitutes BIN BOLD:AAG2095 and is 5.13% (p-dist.) divergent from the closet BIN in the database (BOLD:AEI7392; an undescribed lineage, from Australia). Using the BOLD Batch ID engine, the COI barcode of the holotype is 5.9% different from the most similar COI sequence from an Australian specimen (AUGLY160-21; an undescribed lineage, with one specimen). One of the paratype specimens (AUMIC054-18) was sequenced for the wingless gene, which differs by a minimum of 2 bp from all other species with available sequence data. Distribution This species is currently known from northern Australia: from Gregory National Park in the NT and northern QLD.Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on pages 59-62, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Glyptapanteles phytometrae

Glyptapanteles phytometrae (Wilkinson, 1928) Fig. 47C, E Diagnosis Glyptapanteles phytometrae can be separated from many of the Australian species as follows: from the G. albigena species group by having the gena without a pale spot, from the G. mouldsi and G. eburneus species groups by having T1–2 dark and from the niveus species group by having a relatively smooth anteromesoscutum. The propodeum of G. phytometrae is mostly smooth with rugose sculpturing in the centre (Fig. 47C), which is distinct (at least on the available specimens) from any of the newly described species from Australia. Whilst propodeal sculpturing can vary slightly amongst individuals, we do not consider it likely that G. phytometrae is conspecific with any of the Australian species. Material examined Holotype SAMOA • ♀; “ Samoan Is. P.A. Buxton and G.H. Hopkins ”; “Pres. by Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1928- 318”; NHMUK: 3.c.1016 (only images examined). Remarks Known hosts in Samoa include Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday, 1843) and an unknown Plusiinae (Noctuidae). Distribution (in the Australasian region) Samoa, Fiji, Sumatra (Austin & Dangerfield 1992).Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Glyptapanteles austini Fagan-Jeffries & Bird & Giannotta & Bradford & Austin 2022

Glyptapanteles austini species group The G. austini species group contains three species: G. austini Fagan-Jeffries & Bird sp. nov., G. guzikae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. and G. kingae sp. nov., which are a monophyletic, molecularly distinct lineage (Fig. 2). Two species in this group (G. guzikae sp. nov. and G. austini sp. nov.) are known from single localities in southern SA, whilst G. kingae sp. nov. has a broad distribution and is found in the northern half of WA, central SA and the ACT (Fig. 4C). The group can be separated from the other species of Glyptapanteles described from Australia by the following combination of characters: gena without a pale spot, T1–T2 dark, anteromesoscutum all dark and with punctures without smooth areas greater than the diameter of punctures (i.e., anteromesoscutum not as in the G. niveus species group (i.e., not as in Fig. 12B)), propodeum not coarsely rugose, T1 only parallel for at most ⅔ of length before narrowing posteriorly, mesoscutellar disk without dense, strong punctures, scape darker or the same colour as flagellomeres, tegula pale, labrum dark.Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Glyptapanteles mouldsi Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin 2022

Glyptapanteles mouldsi species group The G. mouldsi species group can be distinguished from all of the other Glyptapanteles described from Australia by having the gena without a pale spot, T2 pale in colouration, with T1 darker than T2 and no median carina on the propodeum. It contains three newly described species: G. dowtoni Fagan-Jeffries, Bird &Austin sp. nov., G. mouldsi Fagan-Jeffries, Bird &Austin sp. nov. and G. rixi Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. The group is paraphyletic in the current phylogeny (Fig. 2). The G. mouldsi species group is currently only known from the east coast of Australia, from northern QLD to central NSW (Fig. 4E).Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Glyptapanteles aucklandensis

Glyptapanteles aucklandensis (Cameron, 1909) Fig. 21 Diagnosis Glyptapanteles aucklandensis was described from a single male specimen that is not in excellent condition; however, it can be separated from many of the Australian species as follows: from the G. albigena species group by the absence of a pale gena spot, from the mouldsi and eburneus species groups by having T1–2 dark and from the niveus species group by having a relatively smooth anteromesoscutum. With only the one male type available for examination, we cannot conclusively differentiate G. aucklandensis from other Australian species, although we note that it has a large number of pits in the scutellar sulcus (>16) which, if consistent among the rest of the individuals in the species, would separate it easily. There is very little overlap between the Australian and New Zealand microgastrine fauna, with the Glyptapanteles from New Zealand on BOLD forming a distinct clade (Fig. 1), so we feel there is little risk that this species is conspecific with any of the newly described ones from Australia. Material examined Holotype NEW ZEALAND • ♂; Auckland; “ P. Cameron Coll 191?-110”; NHMUK 3.c998 (only images examined). Remarks Host unknown. Distribution New Zealand (Auckland Is). Glyptapanteles austini Fagan-Jeffries & Bird sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7DAEC136-31EE-4EC2-B197-66F9B686ACEE Figs 15B, 22 Diagnosis Despite the large molecular divergence in both the COI and wingless genes (see Remarks section), the only morphological character found to differentiate G. austini sp. nov. from G. guzikae sp. nov. is the femur being completely dark (G. guzikae sp. nov. with the femur pale with a dark area posteriorly). Glyptapanteles austini sp. nov. can be separated from G. kingae sp. nov. as follows: G. kingae sp. nov. has the propodeum with stronger sculpturing in the centre, whilst G. austini sp. nov. has the propodeum smoother in the centre. However, we note that there are limited specimens available and the variability of propodeal sculpturing could broaden as more populations of these species are identified and we recommend confirming identifications with DNA barcodes. Etymology Named for Professor Andrew Austin, who has championed the documentation of Microgastrinae in Australia and has made a significant impact on the field of systematics of parasitic Hymenoptera, along with providing over a decade of mentorship and training to EPF-J. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♀; South Australia, Mt Barker Summit; -35.0661, 138.923; 20 Mar.–3 Apr. 2016; A. Austin and E. Fagan-Jeffries leg.; Malaise trap; Extraction343, BOLD: AUMIC198-18; SAMA 32- 45047. Paratypes AUSTRALIA – South Australia • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 3–22 Apr. 2016; Extraction340, BOLD: AUMIC196-18; SAMA 32-45048 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; Extraction210, BOLD: AUMIC095-18; SAMA 32-45049 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); Belair National Park Gate 11; -35.009, 138.654; 11–24 Nov. 2007; J.T. Jennings leg.; Malaise trap; Extraction355, BOLD: AUMIC208-18; SAMA 32-45050 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 25 Nov.–1 Dec. 2007; Extraction367, BOLD: AUMIC219-18; SAMA 32-46151 • 1 ♀; Millbrook Reservoir Gate 28, 25 km NE Adelaide; -34.8078, 138.827; 12 Sep. 2007; L. Farrington leg.; Malaise trap; Extraction469, BOLD: AUMIC291-18; SAMA 32-46152. Description Female COLOURATION. Gena without a pale spot; labrum pale or reddish-brown; scape colour in ventral half the same colour or darker than flagellomeres; flagellomeres all black/dark brown; tegula pale; wing veins uniformly black or brown, or with small lighter area proximally; anteromesoscutum all dark; scutellar disk and metanotum dark; propodeum dark; fore coxa dark; mid coxa dark; hind coxa dark; fore femur orange to light brown; mid femur dark proximally and lightening distally; hind femur dark; fore tibia orange to light brown; mid tibia orange to light brown; hind tibia darkening posteriorly; hind basitarsus dark reddish-brown; T1 dark; T2 sclerotised area dark or dark reddish-brown; T2 lateral area much paler; T3 mostly pale with darker patch in centre or mostly dark with paler lateral areas; T4+ dark. BODY MEASUREMENTS. Body length 2.1 mm; fore wing length 2.0 mm; antennal length slightly shorter than body length. HEAD. Face with fine punctures associated with setae; antennal flagellomere 14 length/width 1.83–2.50; antennal flagellomere 2 length/width 2.57–3.85; OOD/POD 1.83–2.00; IOD/POD 1.43–2.17. MESOSOMA. Anteromesoscutum sculpturing with shallow punctures, space between punctures generally smaller than diameter of punctures, slightly denser and deeper punctures anteriorly, smoother in posterior centre; scutellar disk sculpturing with only very shallow punctures; 7–9 pits in scutellar sulcus; propodeum with median carina absent, scattered punctures associated with setae in posterior half, rest of propodeum smooth and shiny. WINGS. Pterostigma length 0.52 mm; pterostigma width 0.18 mm; r 0.12 mm; 2RS 0.11 mm; 2m 0.06 mm; (RS+M)b 0.09 mm. METASOMA. T1 wedge-shaped, narrowing posteriorly for entirety of length, or lateral edges parallel for anterior 1/4 of length, then gently narrowing posteriorly, lateral edges either straight or with slight curve; T1 mostly smooth, some punctures in posterior half; T1 length 0.3 mm; T1 width at posterior edge 0.09 mm; T2 an isosceles trapezoid, lateral edges straight; T2 smooth and shiny; T2 length 0.11 mm; T2 width at posterior edge 0.19 mm; ovipositor slightly protruding from end of metasoma. Male Unknown. Remarks Glyptapanteles austini sp. nov. constitutes BIN BOLD:ADL2587 and is 7.69% (p-dist.) divergent from the closet BIN in the database (BOLD:ADL2952; Glyptapanteles guzikae sp. nov.). Using the BOLD Batch ID engine, the COI barcode of the holotype is 7.9% different from the most similar COI sequence from an Australian specimen (AUMIC524-18; Glyptapanteles guzikae sp. nov.). All five paratype specimens were sequenced for the wingless gene, which is identical amongst all specimens (although there is a single ambiguity in one sequence). The wingless sequences differ by a minimum of 16 bp from all other species with available sequence data. Distribution This species is currently known from SA, from Adelaide and close surrounds. Glyptapanteles austini Fagan-Jeffries & Bird sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7DAEC136-31EE-4EC2-B197-66F9B686ACEE Figs 15B, 22 Diagnosis Despite the large molecular divergence in both the COI and wingless genes (see Remarks section), the only morphological character found to differentiate G. austini sp. nov. from G. guzikae sp. nov. is the femur being completely dark (G. guzikae sp. nov. with the femur pale with a dark area posteriorly). Glyptapanteles austini sp. nov. can be separated from G. kingae sp. nov. as follows: G. kingae sp. nov. has the propodeum with stronger sculpturing in the centre, whilst G. austini sp. nov. has the propodeum smoother in the centre. However, we note that there are limited specimens available and the variability of propodeal sculpturing could broaden as more populations of these species are identified and we recommend confirming identifications with DNA barcodes. Etymology Named for Professor Andrew Austin, who has championed the documentation of Microgastrinae in Australia and has made a significant impact on the field of systematics of parasitic Hymenoptera, along with providing over a decade of mentorship and training to EPF-J. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♀; South Australia, Mt Barker Summit; -35.0661, 138.923; 20 Mar.–3 Apr. 2016; A. Austin and E. Fagan-Jeffries leg.; Malaise trap; Extraction343, BOLD: AUMIC198-18; SAMA 32- 45047. Paratypes AUSTRALIA – South Australia • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 3–22 Apr. 2016; Extraction340, BOLD: AUMIC196-18; SAMA 32-45048 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); same collection data as for preceding; Extraction210, BOLD: AUMIC095-18; SAMA 32-45049 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); Belair National Park Gate 11; -35.009, 138.654; 11–24 Nov. 2007; J.T. Jennings leg.; Malaise trap; Extraction355, BOLD: AUMIC208-18; SAMA 32-45050 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 25 Nov.–1 Dec. 2007; Extraction367, BOLD: AUMIC219-18; SAMA 32-46151 • 1 ♀; Millbrook Reservoir Gate 28, 25 km NE Adelaide; -34.8078, 138.827; 12 Sep. 2007; L. Farrington leg.; Malaise trap; Extraction469, BOLD: AUMIC291-18; SAMA 32-46152. Description Female COLOURATION. Gena without a pale spot; labrum pale or reddish-brown; scape colour in ventral half the same colour or darker than flagellomeres; flagellomeres all black/dark brown; tegula pale; wing veins uniformly black or brown, or with small lighter area proximally; anteromesoscutum all dark; scutellar disk and metanotum dark; propodeum dark; fore coxa dark; mid coxa dark; hind coxa dark; fore femur orange to light brown; mid femur dark proximally and lightening distally; hind femur dark; fore tibia orange to light brown; mid tibia orange to light brown; hind tibia darkening posteriorly; hind basitarsus dark reddish-brown; T1 dark; T2 sclerotised area dark or dark reddish-brown; T2 lateral area much paler; T3 mostly pale with darker patch in centre or mostly dark with paler lateral areas; T4+ dark. BODY MEASUREMENTS. Body length 2.1 mm; fore wing length 2.0 mm; antennal length slightly shorter than body length. HEAD. Face with fine punctures associated with setae; antennal flagellomere 14 length/width 1.83–2.50; antennal flagellomere 2 length/width 2.57–3.85; OOD/POD 1.83–2.00; IOD/POD 1.43–2.17. MESOSOMA. Anteromesoscutum sculpturing with shallow punctures, space between punctures generally smaller than diameter of punctures, slightly denser and deeper punctures anteriorly, smoother in posterior centre; scutellar disk sculpturing with only very shallow punctures; 7–9 pits in scutellar sulcus; propodeum with median carina absent, scattered punctures associated with setae in posterior half, rest of propodeum smooth and shiny. WINGS. Pterostigma length 0.52 mm; pterostigma width 0.18 mm; r 0.12 mm; 2RS 0.11 mm; 2m 0.06 mm; (RS+M)b 0.09 mm. METASOMA. T1 wedge-shaped, narrowing posteriorly for entirety of length, or lateral edges parallel for anterior 1/4 of length, then gently narrowing posteriorly, lateral edges either straight or with slight curve; T1 mostly smooth, some punctures in posterior half; T1 length 0.3 mm; T1 width at posterior edge 0.09 mm; T2 an isosceles trapezoid, lateral edges straight; T2 smooth and shiny; T2 length 0.11 mm; T2 width at posterior edge 0.19 mm; ovipositor slightly protruding from end of metasoma. Male Unknown. Remarks Glyptapanteles austini sp. nov. constitutes BIN BOLD:ADL2587 and is 7.69% (p-dist.) divergent from the closet BIN in the database (BOLD:ADL2952; Glyptapanteles guzikae sp. nov.). Using the BOLD Batch ID engine, the COI barcode of the holotype is 7.9% different from the most similar COI sequence from an Australian specimen (AUMIC524-18; Glyptapanteles guzikae sp. nov.). All five paratype specimens were sequenced for the wingless gene, which is identical amongst all specimens (although there is a single ambiguity in one sequence). The wingless sequences differ by a minimum of 16 bp from all other species with available sequence data. Distribution This species is currently known from SA, from Adelaide and close surrounds.Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species

Despite several decades of active research, there are still substantial gaps in the knowledge of parasitoid wasps in Australia, with many families and genera yet to be revised using modern approaches and only a fraction of the estimated fauna currently described. The genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1904 is a member of the subfamily Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and all species in the subfamily are lepidopteran parasitoids. The genus previously contained only three species known from Australia: G. deliasa Austin & Dangerfield, 1992, G. drioplanetus Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2021 and G. mnesampela Austin, 2000. To undertake a revision of this morphologically-conserved group in Australia, we used a combination of molecular (cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) and wingless genes) and minimal morphological data to delimit and describe an additional 31 species: G. austini Fagan-Jeffries & Bird sp. nov. and the following 30 species all authored by Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin: G. albigena sp. nov., G. andamookaensis sp. nov., G. arcanus sp. nov., G. aspersus sp. nov., G. austrinus sp. nov., G. baylessi sp. nov., G. bradfordae sp. nov., G. cooperi sp. nov., G. doreyi sp. nov., G. dowtoni sp. nov., G. eburneus sp. nov., G. erucadesolator sp. nov., G. ferrugineus sp. nov., G. foraminous sp. nov., G. goodwinnoakes sp. nov., G. guzikae sp. nov., G. harveyi sp. nov., G. kingae sp. nov., G. kittelae sp. nov., G. kurandaensis sp. nov., G. lambkinae sp. nov., G. lessardi sp. nov., G. mouldsi sp. nov., G. niveus sp. nov., G. rixi sp. nov., G. rodriguezae sp. nov., G. ruhri sp. nov., G. sanniopolus sp. nov., G. vergrandiacus sp. nov. and G. wrightae sp. nov. We provide a key to species groups and to the species able to be identified on morphological characters alone. Additionally, we provide a brief discussion of the difficulties in describing small, morphologically conserved wasps and the challenges associated with revising the taxonomy of hyperdiverse taxa in the context of the planned mission of Taxonomy Australia to accelerate the documentation of Australia’s biodiversity

Glyptapanteles wrightae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin 2022, sp. nov.

Glyptapanteles wrightae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 569C2146-14FF-4453-BA4E-A6A8787A044A Fig. 53 Diagnosis Glyptapanteles wrightae sp. nov. can be separated from the other members of the arcanus species group as follows: Glyptapanteles wrightae sp. nov. can be separated from G. rodriguezae sp. nov. and G. ruhri sp. nov. by T1 being smooth and shiny, not having punctures that cover at least a third of the area of the posterior half of the tergite. Glyptapanteles wrightae sp. nov. can be separated from G. goodwinnoakes sp. nov., G. erucadesolator sp. nov., G. lambkinae sp. nov., G. arcanus sp. nov. and G. vergrandiacus sp. nov. by the propodeum being less coarsely and less consistently rugose sculptured across the anterior half of the propodeum. Glyptapanteles wrightae sp. nov. has the propodeum with strong punctures in the anterior half, the posterior half with shallow or strong rugose sculpturing. Glyptapanteles wrightae sp. nov. can be separated from G. doreyi sp. nov. by the tegula being pale in colouration (the tegula in G. doreyi sp. nov. is generally dark in colouration), the hind femur mostly pale or light brown (mostly dark in G. doreyi sp. nov.) and the indentation in the centre of the mesopleuron being smooth, not strongly canaliculated as it is in G. doreyi sp. nov. There was not a morphological character found that easily separates G. wrightae sp. nov. from G. lessardi sp. nov. and we do not diagnose these species morphologically. The wingless barcodes of the two species differ by 3 bp and the COI is greater than 4% divergent. Etymology Named for Susan Wright, who collected the holotype specimen. EPF-J would like to acknowledge Susan’s support of visiting researchers at the QM and her continual generosity with her time and advice. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♀; Queensland, Samsonvale Cemetery, 8.5 km SSE of Dayboro; -27.2703, 152.856; 50 m a.s.l.; 6 Jan.–8 Feb. 2015; S. Wright leg.; Casuarina /open forest Malaise trap; Extraction198, BOLD: AUMIC084-18; QM T208400. Paratypes AUSTRALIA – New South Wales • 1 ♂; Royal National Park, near Waterfall Couranga Track near Hacking River; -34.1486, 151.0221; 40 m a.s.l.; 20 Jan.–6 Feb. 2020; K.M. Bayless and J.G. Lumbers leg.; 6 m Malaise trap over Waterfall Creek; Extraction857, BOLD: AUGLY128-21; ANIC 32 130373 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Extraction863, BOLD: AUGLY010-21; ANIC 32 130374. Description Female COLOURATION. Gena without a pale spot; labrum reddish-brown; scape colour in ventral half uniformly paler than flagellomeres; flagellomeres darkening distally; tegula pale; wing veins uniformly black or brown, or with small lighter area proximally; anteromesoscutum all dark; scutellar disk and metanotum dark; propodeum dark; fore coxa white; mid coxa white; hind coxa dark; fore femur pale yellow; mid femur pale yellow; hind femur pale yellow; fore tibia pale yellow; mid tibia pale yellow; hind tibia darkening posteriorly; hind basitarsus light brown; T1 dark; T2 sclerotised area dark reddish-brown; T2 lateral area dark extends past indentation, but then pale; T3 mostly dark with paler lateral areas; T4+ reddish-brown. HOLOTYPE BODY MEASUREMENTS. Body length 1.8 mm; fore wing length 1.8 mm; antennal length slightly longer than body length. HEAD. Antennal flagellomere 14 length/width 3.5; antennal flagellomere 2 length/width 2.71; OOD/ POD 1.83; IOD/POD 1.67. MESOSOMA. Anteromesoscutum sculpturing with deep punctures, space between punctures a mixture of smaller than diameter of punctures and of similar size; scutellar disk sculpturing with deep, sparse, irregularly spaced punctures, more common on anterior lateral edges or scutellar disk with shallow punctures scattered over most of area; eight pits in scutellar sulcus; propodeum with median carina absent, strong punctures in anterior half, rugose sculpturing in posterior half. WINGS. Pterostigma length 0.49 mm; pterostigma width 0.16 mm; r 0.13 mm; 2RS 0.14 mm; 2m 0.06 mm; (RS+M)b 0.07 mm. METASOMA. T1 lateral edges parallel for anterior ½ to ⅔ of length, then narrowing posteriorly; T1 mostly smooth, some punctures in posterior half, smooth and shiny, sometimes with some shallow scattered punctures on lateral edges; T1 length 0.25 mm; T1 width at posterior edge 0.08 mm; T2 an isosceles trapezoid, lateral edges straight; T2 smooth and shiny; T2 length 0.14 mm; T2 width at posterior edge 0.19 mm; ovipositor slightly protruding from end of metasoma. Male As female. Remarks Glyptapanteles wrightae sp. nov. constitutes BIN BOLD:ADL3293 and is 1.76% (p-dist.) divergent from the closet BIN in the database (BOLD:AEI5416; see information below about the specimens within this BIN). Using the BOLD Batch ID engine, the COI sequence of the holotype is 1.7% different from the most similar COI sequence from an Australian specimen (AUGLY139-21, an undescribed lineage, with three sequences). This closely related lineage, (BOLD:AEI5416; also including BOLD AUGLY135-21 and AUGLY130-21) requires further study to determine whether it is within the species limits of G. wrightae sp. nov. or whether it represents a distinct species. Distribution This species is currently known from southern QLD and north-eastern NSW.Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on pages 109-112, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Glyptapanteles kurandaensis Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin 2022, sp. nov.

Glyptapanteles kurandaensis Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 14DC77FB-9FEB-4DE4-8D02-4678EBB481E5 Figs 12D, 14A, 41 Diagnosis Glyptapanteles kurandaensis sp. nov. can be separated from the other species of Glyptapanteles described from Australia by having the gena without a pale spot, T1 and T2 dark, anteromesoscutum punctures not extremely sparse and deep (i.e., not as in the G. niveus species group), no orange markings on the postero-lateral anteromesoscutum, propodeum without strong rugose sculpturing (sometimes with shallow sculpturing in centre, but never over most of propodeum), hind femur solidly dark in colouration, ventral side of antennal scape (at least in distal half) the same colour or darker than the flagellomeres, and fore wing veins r and 2SR narrow and smoothly joined, both significantly longer than vein 2m (compared to the sharply angled, thicker and shorter r and 2SR veins more typical of this genus in Australia). Etymology Named for the collection locality, Kuranda, a small town near Cairns in northern QLD. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♀; Queensland, Kuranda; -16.8135; 145.6430586; 317 m a.s.l.; 12 Feb.–6 Apr. 2020; M.S. Moulds leg.; Malaise Trap EFJ2020MT36; Extraction1568, BOLD: AUGLY110-21; QM T250958. Paratypes AUSTRALIA – Queensland • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype: Extraction1520, BOLD: AUGLY092-21; QM T250959 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1542, BOLD: AUGLY098-21; QM T250960 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1543, BOLD: AUGLY099-21; QM T250961 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1546, BOLD: AUGLY101-21; QM T250962 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1551, BOLD: AUGLY103-21; QM T250963 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1554, BOLD: AUGLY104-21; QM T250964 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1565, BOLD: AUGLY109-21; QM T250965 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1569, BOLD: AUGLY111-21; QM T250966 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1570, BOLD: AUGLY112-21; QM T250967 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction1508, BOLD: AUGLY129-21; QM T250968 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; Extraction296, BOLD: AUMIC161-18; QM T250969 • 1 ♀ (ethanol); same collection data as for holotype; 10 Feb.–15 Mar. 2017; Extraction500, BOLD: AUMIC306-18; QM T250970 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 16 Mar.–12 Apr. 2017; Extraction551, BOLD: AUMIC342-18; QM T250971. Description Female COLOURATION. Gena without a pale spot; labrum mostly dark or reddish-brown; scape colour in ventral half the same colour or darker than flagellomeres; flagellomeres darkening distally; tegula dark; wing veins uniformly black or brown, or with small lighter area proximally; anteromesoscutum all dark; scutellar disk and metanotum dark; propodeum dark; fore coxa dark; mid coxa dark; hind coxa dark; fore femur pale yellow; mid femur pale yellow; hind femur dark reddish-brown or dark; fore tibia pale yellow; mid tibia pale yellow; hind tibia darkening posteriorly; hind basitarsus light brown; T1 dark; T2 sclerotised area dark or dark reddish-brown; T2 lateral area same colour as sclerotised area, or only slightly paler, or dark extends past indentation, but then pale; T3 dark, mostly dark with paler lateral areas or uniformly brown; T4+ dark or reddish-brown. HOLOTYPE BODY MEASUREMENTS. Body length 1.8 mm; fore wing length 1.9 mm; antennal length slightly shorter than body length. HEAD. Antennal flagellomere 14 length/width 1.80–2.25; antennal flagellomere 2 length/width 2.42– 3.80; OOD/POD 1.86–2.33; IOD/POD 1.29–2.00. MESOSOMA. Anteromesoscutum sculpturing with shallow punctures, space between punctures generally smaller than diameter of punctures, slightly denser and deeper punctures anteriorly, smoother in posterior centre; scutellar disk sculpturing with only very shallow punctures; 7–9 pits in scutellar sulcus; propodeum with median carina absent, some indistinct sculpturing in posterior centre, or in centre along length of propodeum, or median carina faintly indicated for all of length by indistinct sculpturing. WINGS. Pterostigma length 0.48 mm; pterostigma width 0.15 mm; r 0.17 mm; 2RS 0.12 mm; 2m 0.09 mm; (RS+M)b 0.1 mm. METASOMA. T1 lateral edges parallel for anterior ¾ of length, then narrowing posteriorly, or lateral edges parallel for entirety of length, posterior corners sometimes rounded at boundary with T2; T1 mostly smooth, some punctures in posterior half or mostly smooth, some shallow rugose sculpturing in posterior half; T1 length 0.29 mm; T1 width at posterior edge 0.14 mm; T2 an isosceles trapezoid, lateral edges straight, with curved lateral and anterior edges, becoming arch- or semicircle-shaped or almost square, lateral edges almost parallel, only broadening posteriorly very slightly; T2 smooth and shiny; T2 length 0.13 mm; T2 width at posterior edge 0.24 mm; ovipositor slightly protruding from end of metasoma. Male Unknown. Remarks Glyptapanteles kurandaensis sp. nov. constitutes BIN BOLD:ADL2798 and is 2.4% (p-dist.) divergent from the closet BIN in the database (BOLD:AAH1268, Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck, 1912)). We have examined the images of G. creatonoti in Gupta et al. (2016) and are confident that G. kurandaensis sp. nov. is a different species, most easily separated by the following morphological characteristics: G. kurandaensis sp. nov. has the hind coxa dark (G. creatonoti hind coxa pale; “stamineous” in original description); G. kurandaensis sp. nov. has the propodeum much smoother than that of G. creatonoti and G. kurandaensis sp. nov. has T1 completely black, whilst G. creatonoti has the anterior area of T1 pale (“stamineous” in original description, appearing pale orange in images of Gupta et al. (2016)). Using the BOLD Batch ID engine, the COI barcode of the holotype is 7.7% different from the most similar COI sequence from an Australian specimen (AUMIC291-18; Glyptapanteles austini sp. nov.). The type specimen was sequenced for the wingless gene, which differs by a minimum of 14 bp from all other species with available sequence data. Distribution This species is currently known from one collection site; Kuranda in north-eastern QLD.Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on pages 79-82, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705

Glyptapanteles guzikae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin 2022, sp. nov.

Glyptapanteles guzikae Fagan-Jeffries, Bird & Austin sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A1FFF18B-61D9-4839-B54B-E936F756125D Fig. 37 Diagnosis Despite the large molecular divergence in both the COI and wingless genes (see remarks section), the only morphological character found to differentiate G. guzikae sp. nov. from G. kingae sp. nov. and G. austini sp. nov. is the femur being pale with a dark area posteriorly, rather than the femur being all dark as in G. kingae sp. nov. and G. austini sp. nov. However, we note that this subtle colour character may not be robust when further specimens are added to the dataset. Etymology Named for Dr Michelle Guzik, who has provided many years of mentorship and advice to EPF-J. Material examined Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♀; South Australia, Kangaroo Island; -35.7533, 137.321; 17–24 Mar. 2011; G. Taylor, E. Kinnaird and R. Kittel leg.; Malaise trap MT3; Extraction97, BOLD: AUMIC524-18; SAMA 32- 46153. Description Female COLOURATION. Gena without a pale spot; labrum mostly dark; scape colour in ventral half the same colour or darker than flagellomeres; flagellomeres all black/dark brown; tegula pale; wing veins uniformly black or brown, or with small lighter area proximally; anteromesoscutum all dark; scutellar disk and metanotum dark; propodeum dark; fore coxa pale yellow; mid coxa pale yellow; hind coxa dark; mid femur orange to light brown; hind femur orange to light brown; mid tibia orange to light brown; hind tibia darkening posteriorly; hind basitarsus light brown; T1 dark; T2 sclerotised area dark; T2 lateral area same colour as sclerotised area, or only slightly paler; T3 mostly pale with darker patch in centre; T4+ reddish-brown. HOLOTYPE BODY MEASUREMENTS. Body length 2.1 mm; fore wing length 2.3 mm; antennal length slightly longer than body length. HEAD. Antennal flagellomere 14 length/width 2.00; antennal flagellomere 2 length/width 2.57; OOD/ POD 2.17; IOD/POD 1.83. MESOSOMA. Anteromesoscutum sculpturing with shallow to deep punctures, space between punctures a mixture of smaller than diameter of punctures and of similar size, smoother in posterior centre; scutellar disk sculpturing with only very shallow punctures, smooth and shiny; nine pits in scutellar sulcus; propodeum with median carina absent, very smooth and shiny, only very shallow punctures associated with setae. WINGS. Pterostigma length 0.51 mm; pterostigma width 0.19 mm; r 0.13 mm; 2RS 0.14 mm; 2m 0.07 mm; (RS+M)b 0.08 mm. METASOMA. T1 lateral edges parallel for entirety of length, posterior corners sometimes rounded at boundary with T2; T1 mostly smooth, some punctures in posterior half or smooth in anterior half, indistinct sculpturing in posterior half; T1 length 0.34 mm; T1 width at posterior edge 0.08 mm; T2 an isosceles trapezoid, lateral edges straight; T2 smooth and shiny; T2 length 0.12 mm; T2 width at posterior edge 0.14 mm; ovipositor slightly protruding from end of metasoma. Male Unknown. Remarks Glyptapanteles guzikae sp. nov. constitutes BIN BOLD:ADL2952 and is 6.86% (p-dist.) divergent from the closet BIN in the database (BOLD:ACL9923; an undescribed lineage, from New Zealand. Using the BOLD Batch ID engine, the COI barcode of the holotype is 7.7% different from the most similar COI sequence from an Australian specimen (AUMIC291-18; Glyptapanteles austini sp. nov.). The type specimen was sequenced for the wingless gene and has a unique wingless barcode which differs by a minimum of 15 bp from all other species with available sequence data. Distribution This species is known from Kangaroo Island, off the coast of SA.Published as part of Fagan-Jeffries, Erinn P., McCLELLAND, Alana R., Bird, Andrew J., Giannotta, Madalene M., Bradford, Tessa M. & Austin, Andrew D., 2022, Systematic revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Glyptapanteles Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) for Australia results in a ten-fold increase in species, pp. 1-116 in European Journal of Taxonomy 792 (1) on pages 70-72, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.792.1647, http://zenodo.org/record/603705