Predicting spatial and decadal of land use and land cover change using integrated Cellular Automata Markov chain model based scenarios (2019–2049) Zarriné-Rūd River Basin in Iran

Effective land use and land cover (LULC) change assessment requires tools to measure past, current, and based on them to create a future scenario. LULC changes are unavoidable in the world, particularly in developing countries. Since LULC are too dynamic and complicated without the identification of appropriate methods and approaches the future perdition will be less accurate. Therefore, the integrated Cellular Automata Markov chain (CA-Markov) model is known as a capable estimator. In this study, LULC changes in Zarriné-Rūd River Basin (ZRB) in Iran was analyzed based on different images and data extracted from satellite data in 1989 and 2019 to create the LULC scenario in 2049. The model was validated using actual and projected to 2019. The overall agreement on two extracted maps was 97.85% in 1989 and 96.55% in 2019. The more detailed analysis of validation of calibration based on the kappa showed the highest data reliability of 0.98 in 1989 and 0.95 in 2019, respectively. According to the transition matrix of probabilities, the most significant changes in the ZRB based on the past scenario (1989–2019) is in rainfed and built up land classes of LULC in 2049. Concurrently, the other classes continue to decline except irrigated agriculture and water bodies. The results obtained showed that the pasture and mountain LULC class had continued to reduce more than other classes. Furthermore, water resources and the amount of the precipitation in past and future are important to spatial and temporal expansion on LULC classes

The effect of rent in urban land and housing value and the building violations in Sanandaj city in Iran

Rent is defined as surplus or non-productive profits that are pursued to create naturally (inherited) or fabricated scarcity from a specific product. The value of the land is about the natural and fabricated drivers influence on finalization of the land price and the value of the consumption and trading of urban lands causes “rent” and the unequal profit from the production of housing. Building violations in the city refer to processes for the building and use of which are not licensed (or licensed) or in conflict with the building permit issued by the city hall. This research paper is about the occurrence of building violations, land/housing rent, and the performance of the city hall in this regard in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011. This research is fundamental and applied research, which has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Data and information about this research were collected through available documents, reports, and library books, field studies, descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were interpreted and analyzed. Based on the findings of this study, out of 8,772 building licenses issued in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011, 2,886 cases (35.75%) resulted in 6,291 violations per plot of 20,4294 square meters. The results of this study have shown that land rent and housing, a licensing process and sales of building surplus and city hall earnings have a significant effect on the occurrence had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of building violations in Sanandaj city. The most of the issuance of building permits (98.22%), sales of the floor area ratio surplus of a building, and building violations occurred in the district 3 of Sanandaj, which enjoyed higher land rent, housing, and a remarkable proportion of the city hall’s revenue, was also provided

Strengthening mathematical learning with class atmosphere and design in elementary school

Engagement in mathematics should be expected of all students, and the learning environment should be one where students are actively involved in doing mathematics. Challenging problems should be posed and students should be expected to work on them individually and in groups, sometimes for extended periods of time, and sometimes on unfamiliar topics. They should be encouraged to develop traits and strategies— such as perseverance, cooperative work skills, self-assessment, selfconfidence, decision-making, and risk-taking — which will be key to their success in mathematics. No need to say that class atmosphere plays important role for students and encourage and discourage them for study, in particular mathematics. Children are naturally curious about themselves and their environment. A natural way with which they try to satisfy their curiosity is to ask questions. The main theme of this regular lecture is to argue that student questioning should be made a stronger part of classroom teaching and learning of mathematics than is currently practiced in many countries. It is not very easy for teachers just with the talking gain the student attractions in mathematic classes. Mathematic is science, literature, geography or history that teacher be able to create a story. This research shows ideally, to promote student engagement in learning, two sets of factors must align. The first set of factors include that the students have the requisite prior knowledge, the curriculum is relevant to them, the classroom tasks interest them, and the pedagogies and assessment regimes match their expectations. The second set of factors relate to their goals for learning, their willingness to persist, and the extent to which they see participation in schooling as creating opportunities

A novel framework for social life cycle assessment to achieve sustainable cultural tourism destinations

Tourism has a significant multiplier effect on other socioeconomic sectors, leading to improved infrastructure and public services. Its environmental impact, however, remains a subject of concern and there has been a growing emphasis on increasing the sustainability of tourism attractions. Despite the global importance of sustainability evaluation, there are just a few widely accepted methodologies for evaluating it. The life cycle concept is utilised to assess environmental, economic and social impacts and one critical life cycle tool is social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Tourism-associated activities are ideally suited for the elaboration of data related to social sustainability due to tourism-specific service specifications. As a result, the main question is how can S-LCA help to ensure the long-term viability of cultural tourism destinations. This paper investigates the theoretical evolution of both S-LCA and cultural tourism in order to answer this question. A new framework S-LCA for sustainable cultural tourist destinations is developed and examined, as are potential application gaps. The hypothesized S-LCA conceptual framework S-LCA can thus play an effective role in accomplishing the principles and objectives of sustainable tourism destination management by bringing all stakeholders’ interests together

Urban sprawl functional-structural changes in neighborhood settlements: Case of study Shiraz

Sprawl is one of the forms of expansion that has entered the literature of urban management and planning in the last half-century. Iranian cities are very good example for city sprawl and they have experienced this kind of expansion in very short period and very fast. This paper aims to identify, describe, and analyze Shiraz scatter and sprawl development and its resulting functional-structure, this research is based on exploratory, descriptive and analytical methods. Data collection in this research is through the secondary data and fieldwork research techniques. Data analysis demands descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson regression correlation). This study suggests that since 1952 Shiraz city has experienced rapid growth, continuous and non-continuous. The proportion of scatter and sprawl development with respect to Shiraz expansion increased from 22.02 in 1957-1967 to 72.8 in 1977-2007. There are three period the first rapid development between 1957 and 2967 after that 5 years gap and the next period which is longer from 30 years between 1977 and 2007.  This turning points is in two specific periods are as the result of some consequences: Conversion of agricultural function as a predominant economic function in neighboring communities, into multi-functional agricultural function with emphasis upon services; of some of the rural settlements into Shiraz; The development of extended spatial, administrative, economic, social and structural changes in residential part of Shiraz. Therefore, socioeconomic activities are the main cause of urban sprawl in Shiraz and made Shiraz the most attractive place for in Fars Province. Population growth with correlation between degree of Shiraz scatter development and number of people engaged to service sector by 0.9 has caused a dramatically decline in agriculture (-0.8) and industry (-0.811) sectors. As result rapid urban population growth rate correlation by (0.127) and urbanization coefficient (0.726) and it shows urban and rural migration very important role on scatter development

Interaction Design, user experience & Urban Creativity scientific journal : screens and beyond

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