A case of quadricuspid aortic valve characterized by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging

We report a rare subtype of quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) associated with moderate aortic regurgitation in a 17- year old woman symptomatic for palpitations. The patient was admitted to our department for cardiac evaluation due to a previous diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve; she underwent a new two-dimensional echocardiography revealing a rare type of quadricuspid aortic valve with a moderate regurgitation. For further investigating potentially associated abnormalities, patient was referred to Cardiac MRI; MRI showed no other abnormalities and confirmed echocardiographic findings. Quadricuspid aortic valve is a rare form of congenital valvular anomaly often occasionally diagnosed. In most cases this malformation causes a valve dysfunction, commonly aortic regurgitation, and can be associated with other cardiac abnormalities such as ventricular or atrial septal defect, anomalies of coronary arteries, patent ductus arteriosus, subaortic fibromuscolar stenosis and mitral valve malformation

What’s the best assessment of preload after cardiac surgery?

Objective: The assessment of the role of transesophageal echocardiography and invasive tests with pulmonary modified catheter to monitor the preload indexes in patients in intensive- care-unit after cardiac coronary surgery. Materials and Methods: Between January and December 2004 24 patients (14 male, 10 female) with coronary artery disease were prospectively enrolled for preload assessment during off-pump myocardial revascularization. Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP), Left Ventricular End Diastolic Indexed Area (LVEDAI), Δ Aortic Velocity (ΔVAo), Right Ventricular End Diastolic Volume (RVEDVI) as preload indexes were evaluated. Transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary modified catheter monitoring were performed during the preoperative period at T1 and after fluid infusion (T2). Patients were considered Responders (R) or No Responders (NR) if the Stroke Volume Index increase at T2 was >20% with respect to T1. Results: Mean T1 PCWP was similar in both groups (12.8±2.2 in R vs. 11.4±3 mmHg in NR; p=NS) and mean increase of PCWP at T2 was similar in both groups (1.5±0.3% in R vs. 1.2±3% in NR; p=NS). Mean T1 RVEDVI was similar in both groups (97.33±34 in R vs. 101±21 ml/m2 in NR; p=NS); T2 RVEDVI was similar in R and NR Groups (122.11±49 vs. 138.54±30 ml/m2; p=NS); mean T1 and T2 LVEDAI was similar in R and NR (11.2±3.5 vs. 10.2±2.3 at T1 and 14.04±3.35 vs. 14.67±2.1 cm2/m2 at T2 respectively; p=NS). Higher mean value of T1 ΔVAo (20±7% in R vs. 10±2% in NR; p=0.006) were recorded while similar mean value of T2 ΔVAo were observed (11±3% in R vs. 5±2% in NR; p=0.743). Correlation index between T1 and T2 ΔVAo (R=0.82) in R was significant (p=0.0002), while correlation index between T1 and T2 ΔVAo (R=0.11) in NR was not significant. Conclusions: Our study showed in patients soon after coronary cardiac surgery ΔVAo is the only predictor of “fluid responsiveness” and of ventricular compliance