Digestibility of (Poly)phenols and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Cooked Cactus Cladodes (<i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i>)

This study aims to investigate whether heat treatment applied to cactus cladodes influences the bioaccessibility of their (poly)­phenolic compounds after simulated gastric and intestinal digestion. A total of 45 (poly)­phenols were identified and quantified in raw and cooked cactus cladodes by ultra high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detector high resolution mass spectrometry. Both flavonoids (60–68% total), mainly isorhamnetin derivatives, and phenolic acids (32–40%) with eucomic acids as the predominant ones significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased with microwaving and griddling processes. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, 55–64% of the total (poly)­phenols of cooked cactus cladodes remained bioaccessible versus 44% in raw samples. Furthermore, digestive conditions and enzymes degraded or retained more flavonoids (37–63% bioaccessibility) than phenolic acids (56–87% bioaccessibility). Microwaved cactus cladodes contributed the highest amount of (poy)­phenols (143.54 mg/g dm) after gastrointestinal process, followed by griddled samples (133.98 mg/g dm), showing the highest antioxidant capacity. Additionally, gastrointestinal digestion induced isomerizations among the three stereoisomeric forms of piscidic and eucomic acids

Bioavailability of Black Tea Theaflavins: Absorption, Metabolism, and Colonic Catabolism

Data obtained with in vitro fecal incubations and a feeding study indicate black tea theaflavin and its galloyl derivatives are not absorbed in detectable amounts in either the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. The theaflavin skeleton is comparatively resistant to degradation by colonic bacteria with a 67% recovery being obtained after a 24 h incubation, which yielded 21 phenolic and aromatic catabolites. The theaflavin galloyl moiety was removed by the microbiota, and the released gallic acid further transformed to 3-<i>O</i>- and 4-<i>O</i>-methyl gallic acids, pyrogallol-1-sulfate and pyrogallol-2-sulfate, which were excreted in urine in amounts equivalent to 94% of intake. The main urinary product potentially derived from breakdown of the theaflavin skeleton was 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)­propionic acid. A number of the colonic catabolites originating from gallic acid and theaflavins has been reported to be bioactive in ex vivo and in vitro models with a variety of potential modes of action

UHPLC-HRMS Spectrometric Analysis: Method Validation and Plasma and Urinary Metabolite Identification after Mango Pulp Intake

After an acute intake of 300 g of mango purée by 10 subjects, 0 and 24 h urine and plasma samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was first validated for 44 reference polyphenols in terms of linearity, specificity, limits of detection and quantification, intra-day and inter-day precision, recovery, and matrix effects in two biological matrices. After method validation, a total of 94 microbial-derived phenolic catabolites, including 15 cinnamic acids, 3 phenylhydracrylic acids, 14 phenylpropanoic acids, 12 phenylacetic acids, 28 benzoic acids, 2 mandelic acids, 15 hydroxybenzenes, and 5 hippuric acid derivatives, were identified or tentatively identified in urine and/or plasma. These results establish the value of the UHPLC-HRMS protocol and the use of authentic standards to obtain a detailed and accurate picture of mango polyphenol metabolites, together with their phase II conjugated metabolites, in human bioavailability studies

Quantities of phenolic acids in fermented berry extracts.

a<p>Data expressed as mean values in μg/mL ± standard deviation. (*) indicates values significantly higher than Control figures at <i>p</i><0.05; n.d, not detected.</p

The cytotoxic effects of various types of berry extracts on HT29 cells.

<p>(A) Effects of IVD berry extract, (B) fermented berry extract at different dilutions in growth medium, (C) individual polyphenols- tyrosol (T), 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPA), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), 4′-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HAA) at 1, 5 or 10 µg/mL concentrations. Data presented is mean of 3 independent experiments + SD. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett T test, * <i>p</i><0.05, significance is compared to media control (0 ug/mL) for A & C and against control fermentate in B. Phenol levels for 1∶10 dilution of fermented extract were raspberry 15.5, strawberry 13.9 and blackcurrant 12.4 µg/mL GAE.</p

The anti-mutagenic effects of various types of berry extracts against fecal water-induced frameshift mutations in HT29 (G17 neo) cells.

<p>(A) Effects of IVD berry extracts, (B) berry fermentates. Data presented as mean relative mutation frequency of 3 independent experiments + SD. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett T test, * p<0.05, significance is compared to fecal water control for A and against control fermentate FW in B. Phenol levels for berry fermentates were raspberry 15.5, strawberry 13.9 and blackcurrant 12.4 µg/mL GAE.</p

The anti-invasive effects of various types of berry extracts on HT115 cells.

<p>(A) Effects of IVD berry extracts, (B) berry fermentates. Mean of 3 independent experiments + SD, One-way ANOVA and Dunnett T test, * p<0.05, significance is compared to media control (0 µg/mL) for A and against control fermentate in B. Values are expressed as % cell invasion normalised to control. Berry extracts had no effect on migration of HT115 cells (data not shown). Phenol levels for berry fermentates were raspberry 15.5, strawberry 13.9, blackcurrant 12.4 µg/mL GAE.</p

The anti-genotoxic effects of various types of berry extracts on HT29 cells.

<p>(A) Effects of IVD berry extract, (B) berry fermentates at a 1∶10 dilution after 24 hr pre-incubation on DNA damage in HT29 cells challenged with 75 µM H₂O₂ (phenol levels for berry fermentates were raspberry 15.5, strawberry 13.9, blackcurrant 12.4 µg/mL GAE), (C) individual polyphenols – tyrosol (T), 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPA), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), 4′-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HAA) at 1, 5 or 10 µg/mL concentrations. Data is presented as mean of 3 independent experiments + SD. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett T test, * p<0.05, significance is compared to media control (0 µg/mL) for A & C and against control fermentate in B. Bonferroni 4-way comparison, bars with different letters are significantly different from each other <i>p</i><0.05.</p

Nontargeted LC-MS^<i>n</i> Profiling of Compounds in Ileal Fluids That Decrease after Raspberry Intake Identifies Consistent Alterations in Bile Acid Composition

Ileostomy studies provide a unique insight into the digestion of foods, allowing identification of physiologically relevant dietary phytochemicals and their metabolites that are important to gut health. We previously reported an increase of components, including novel triterpenoids, in ileal fluids of 11 ileostomates following consumption of raspberries using nontargeted LC-MS^<i>n</i> techniques in combination with data deconvolution software. The current study focused on components that consistently decreased postsupplementation. After data deconvolution, 32 components were identified that met exclusion parameters of <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> signals and which decreased significantly in ileal fluids from eight of 11 participants post-raspberry supplementation. Two-thirds of these components were identified putatively from their MS properties. Consistent decreases were observed in components that possibly reflected “washing out” of presupplementation intake of common foods/drinks including (poly)­phenol metabolites. Metabolites associated with fat metabolism such as hydroxylated fatty acids and cholate-type bile acids were specifically reduced. However, more directed re-examination of the data revealed that although some cholates were consistently reduced, the more polar glyco- and tauro-linked bile acid derivatives increased consistently, by as much as 100-fold over presupplementation levels. The possible reasons for these substantial alterations in bile acid composition in ileal fluids in response to raspberry intake are discussed

Tracking (Poly)phenol Components from Raspberries in Ileal Fluid

The (poly)­phenols in ileal fluid after ingestion of raspberries were analyzed by targeted and nontargeted LC–MS<i>ⁿ</i> approaches. Targeted approaches identified major anthocyanin and ellagitannin components at varying recoveries and with considerable interindividual variation. Nontargeted LC–MS<i>ⁿ</i> analysis using an orbitrap mass spectrometer gave exact mass MS data which were sifted using a software program to select peaks that changed significantly after supplementation. This method confirmed the recovery of the targeted components but also identified novel raspberry-specific metabolites. Some components (including ellagitannin and previously unidentified proanthocyanidin derivatives) may have arisen from raspberry seeds that survived intact in ileal samples. Other components include potential breakdown products of anthocyanins, unidentified components, and phenolic metabolites formed either in the gut epithelia or after absorption into the circulatory system and efflux back into the gut lumen. The possible physiological roles of the ileal metabolites in the large bowel are discussed