Effect of Feeding Acacia Pods (Acacia seyal) with or without Wheat Bran on Feed Intake and Digestibility of Tigray Highland Sheep in Hay Based Feed

The study was conducted with the objectives to evaluate feed intake and digestibility of Tigray Highland sheep supplemented with Acacia seyal pods and wheat bran mix in hay based feeding. Twenty five Tigray Highland yearling rams with initial live body weight of 17.5 ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD) were used. The experimental sheep were divided into five blocks of 5 rams each based on their initial body weight. The feeding trial consisted of grass hay (control), supplemented Acacia seyal pods, wheat bran and their mixture. A randomized complete block design was used to conduct the feeding trails. The chemical composition of grass hay in this experiment was found to be 119.5, 880.5, 84.4, 708.3 and 296.0 g Kg-1 for ash, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and Acid detergent fiber (ADF) parameters, respectively. The mean grass hay DM intake was; 481.8, 301.6, 298.9, 303.8 and 301.9 g/day for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The DM intake of supplemented animals were 299.3, 298.7, 299.3 and 296.6 g/day/ram for sole Acacia seyal pods, 2:1 ratio Acacia seyal pods and wheat bran, 1:2 ratio of Acacia seyal pods and wheat bran and wheat bran, respectively and the intake was 97.81% of their offer. Grass hay DM intake was significantly depressed (P<0.001) as compared from the supplementation. Total DM, OM and CP intake were significantly higher (P<0.001) in supplemented groups than the control animals. There was significant different (P<0.05) in digestible coefficient DM, OM, CP, and NDF whereas not significant different (P>0.05) in apparent digestibility ADF amongst treatments. Keywords: acacia seyal pod, intake, wheat bran, digestibilit

Body Weight Gain and Carcass Parameters of Tigray Highland Sheep Supplemented with Acacia Seyal Pods and Wheat Bran Mix in Hay Based Feeding

The study was conducted in Southern Zone of Tigray to evaluate body weight gain and carcass parameters of Sokota (Tigray Highland) sheep supplemented with Acacia seyal pods and wheat bran mix in hay based feeding. Twenty five Tigray Highland yearling rams with initial live body weight of 17.5±1.7 kg (mean ± SD) were used. The experimental sheep were divided into five blocks of 5 rams each based on their initial body weight. The feeding trial consisted of grass hay (control), supplemented Acacia seyal pods, wheat bran and their mixture. A randomized complete block design was used to conduct the feeding trial. Carcass evaluation was done at the end of digestibility trial. Highest daily body weight gain was recorded in animals supplemented with Acacia seyal pods (51.1 g/day. Acacia seyal pods is not recommended for fattening but to lessen the body weight fluctuation and uses as supplementation in the dry season and small average daily gain (28.4 g/day) was also observed in sheep on the control treatments. There was significant difference (P<0.001) amongst treatments in rib eye area muscles. The Partial budget analysis of this study was based on the total variable costs, purchasing and selling prices of sheep. Best net income was gained in Tigray Highland rams supplemented with sole Acacia seyal pods and the value; of marginal rate of return (MRR) was found positive in all treatments except in treatment one. Keywords: carcass, body weight, sheep, acacia seyal pod, Tigray highlan

Role of the B complex in the genetic control of the Rous sarcoma virus induced tumors in chickens

Eight highly inbred lines, with inbreeding coefficients ranging from 81% to 97% and segregating for eight different B complex alleles were used in this study. Also included were two moderately inbred (40%) heavy-breed lines and one outbred Leghorn line segregating for the blood group alleles, B(\u271), B(\u272) and B(\u2719). Birds were blood-typed for B locus alloantigens at 5 weeks of age. Each genetic group was challenged with Rous sarcoma virus subgroups A, B and C. Tests were based on both wing web-challenge (WWC) on 5-week-old chicks and on the chorioallantoic membranes of 12-day embryos (CAM) test;These results indicate that the B complex-linked genes, controlling tumor expression, belong to a multiple allelic series at a single B complex-linked locus. In addition, the results from both the WWC and CAM test support the findings that the tv loci for cellular resistance maps outside the B complex. Also, the statistical evidence verifies the earlier findings that tva and tvc loci are linked. As expected, most of the variation in tumor regression in susceptible birds was linked to the B complex. Thus, part of the genetic variation in tumor regression may be controlled outside the B complex;Genes coding for control of the fate of Rous sarcoma virus subgroup A induced tumors are evidently closely linked to the locus controlling immune response to GAT. The latter maps within the Ir region of the B histocompatibility complex. These findings are important as possible criteria for detecting and selecting disease-resistant fowl

Role of Financial Institutions in the Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises in Dire Dawa Administration

The target of this study was to research the role of financial institutions on the growth of micro and small enterprises in Dire Dawa Administration. the specific objectives of this study were; to determine the role of financial institutions, MFIs’ saving services on the growth of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration, to determine the role of monetary institutions, MFIs’ loan services on the growth of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration and to research the role of financial institutions, MFIs’ training services on the expansion of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration. These objectives sought to answer the subsequent questions: what is the role of financial institutions, MFIs’ saving services on the growth of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration? What is the role of financial institutions; MFIs’ loan services on the growth of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration? And, what's the role of financial institutions, MFIs’ training services on the growth of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration? The study adopted descriptive research design targeting a sample size of 245 MSE. Primary data was collected using structure questionnaires while secondary data was collected from relevant literature. The study used self-administered questionnaires to gather primary data from the respondents. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequencies, modes, means and standard deviations. Likert type data was analyzed using mode because the focus of discussion. Correlation and regression was conducted to work out the role of monetary institutions, MFIs’ on the expansion of MSE within the study area. The study findings revealed financial institutions; MFIs’ saving and loan services have positively and significantly influenced the growth of MSE in Dire Dawa Administration but the training services have not contributed positively. The study recommends there is need for MFIs and MSE stakeholders to return up with measures of addressing the poor performing training component of MFIs services in Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. Keywords: Role, Micro Financial Institution, Micro and Small Enterprise, Growth DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-5-05 Publication date:March 31st 202

The role of non-farm activities in sustaining rural livelihood: The Case of Enderta wereda

The research was conducted with the objective of examining and studying the role of non-farm activities in sustaining the livelihood of respondents in Enderta Woreda .In order to achieve this objective a primary data was collected from 190(one hundred ninety) systematically selected households using structured and unstructured questionnaires. Moreover; key informants and focus group discussion had been also used to obtain detailed information .For the data analysis purpose; descriptive statistics including mean, frequency and percentages were used to describe the livelihood resources/assets of Enderta woreda, non-farm rural diversification. It was identified and analyzed the key constraints and opportunities as well as the contribution of nonfarm activities existing in the study area. Generally, the study showed that rural households in the study Tabias have diversified incomes engaged in diversified activities importantly nonfarm livelihood diversification‟s a result the livelihood of the rural household have been changed. They have also Lack of access to sufficient fixed and working capital which is a major constraint to undertake high-return non-farm activities. Here, the skill and knowledge are the key inhibitors of diversification, infrastructure and market imperfection due to brokers that are found to constrain diversification. Finally, farm households should be aware to nonfarm diversification; further more efforts should be made to improve skill and knowledge of farmers through provision of training. Furthermore, it should be work intensely in access to credit service and increase the amount of money saved. Key words: Sustainable rural livelihoods, livelihood asset, livelihood strategy, nonfar

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT (PRODAMAS) PLUS PADA BIDANG EKONOMI DI KELURAHAN BANGSAL KOTA KEDIRI (STUDI PADA KOPERASI SEHAT SEJAHTERA ERWE 2 BANGSAL)

Community empowerment is one of the efforts to improve welfare. The City Government of Kediri through the Community Empowerment Program (Prodamas) Plus implements policies in each sub-district that are directed to achieve the intended goals, including in the Ward Village, Pesantren District. the community implements Prodamas Plus in the economic sector in capital from the RW Cooperative grant, Taman BUTORANTAS and training. One of the activities in the economic sector in the Kelurahan is to provide grant capital to RW cooperatives. The Sehat Sejahtera ERWE 2 Bangsal Cooperative is the only active RW Cooperative from 2017 until now in the Bangsal Village that has succeeded in obtaining Prodamas Plus grant capital for 2021 by carrying out a savings and loan business. This research focuses on the implementation of the Community Empowerment Program (Prodamas) Plus, as a program implemented by the Government of Kediri since 2021. This program is also a follow-up to Prodamas which has been developed since 2015. The economic sector developed in the Health and Welfare Cooperative is a sub focus in this research . Bottom up policy implementation theory according to Elmore, Lipsky, Hjern, and O'Porter in (Tahir 2011: 136) is used as a basis for analysis. The results of the study show that economic development in the Cooperative has a network of actors, namely the City Government of Kediri, Ward Village, Head of RW, Head of RT, carried out by management and members of the cooperative. Synergy with the Office of Cooperatives and UMTK was also carried out to develop a program which is currently carried out in the cooperative. Policy forms that are produced in the management of cooperatives are carried out in deliberation while at the same time demonstrating initiatives that arise from cooperative members. The results of the study also show that Prodamas Plus has a positive impact on cooperative members. Keywords: Implementation, Prodamas, CooperativePemberdayaan masyarakat adalah salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan. Pemerintah Kota Kediri melalui Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Prodamas) Plus melaksanakan kebijakan ditiap kelurahan yang diarahkan untuk mencapai tujuan sebagaimana yang dimaksud, termasuk di Kelurahan Bangsal, Kecamatan Pesantren. masyarakat melaksanakan Prodamas Plus bidang ekonomi dalam modal dana hibah Koperasi RW, Taman BUTORANTAS dan pelatihan. Salah satu kegiatan bidang ekonomi di Kelurahan adalah dengan memberikan modal hibah pada koperasi RW. Koperasi Sehat Sejahtera ERWE 2 Bangsal adalah satu-satunya Koperasi RW aktif dari 2017 hingga sekarang di Kelurahan Bangsal yang berhasil mendapatkan modal dana hibah Prodamas Plus Tahun 2021 dengan melaksanakan usaha simpan pinjam. Penelitian ini berfokus pada implementasi Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Prodamas) Plus, sebagai sebuah program yang dilaksanakan Pemerintah Kediri sejak 2021. Program ini juga sebagai tindak lanjut Prodamas yang telah dikembangkan sejak 2015. Bidang ekonomi yang dikembangkan pada Koperasi Sehat Sejahtera menjadi sub focus dalam penelitian ini. Teori implementasi kebijakan bottom up menurut Elmore, Lipsky, Hjern, dan O’Porter dalam (Tahir 2011:136) digunakan sebagai dasar untuk analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan ekonomi pada Koperasi Sehat Sehat Sejahtera ERWE 2 Bangsal terdapat jaringan aktor, yaitu Pemerintah Kota Kediri, Kelurahan Bangsal, Ketua RW, Ketua RT dilakukan oleh jajaran pengurus dan anggota koperasi. Sinergi dengan Dinas Koperasi dan UMTK juga dilakukan untuk mengembangkan program yang salaam ini dilakukan di koperasi tersebut. Bentuk-bentuk kebijakan yang dihasilkan dalam pengelolaan koperasi dilaksanakan secara musyawarah sekaligus menunjukkan adanya prakarsa yang muncul adari anggota koperasi. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa Prodamas Plus memberikan dampak positif kepada anggota koperasi. Kata Kunci: Implementasi, Prodamas, Koperasi   &nbsp

Nutritional blindness in Tigrai Region, northern Ethiopia

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted in October, 1993 to determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in Agebe Woreda in Tigrai `Kellel' (Region) of Ethiopia. A total of 678 children aged between 6 months and 6 years were examined for signs of xerophthalmia. In 7.8% of the children a history of night blindness (XN) was reported. Bitot's spots were seen in 3.4% of the children with a higher prevalence rate in males than in females (P<0.01). Anthropometric measurements were made on 662 of the children. There was a higher prevalence of stunting (42.6%) than wasting (8.0%) with an additional 11.3% of the children being both stunted and wasted. No association was observed between morbidity and occurrence of sign of xerophthalmia. The woreda is a mono-crop area and has been affected by recurrent drought. On the basis of the cut-off points set by WHO and the International Vitamin A Consultative Group, the problem of vitamin A deficiency in the Woreda is of public health significance. Urgent and continued intervention programmes (mainly supplementation with mega-dose of vitamin A and food diversification through intensive health education as well as horticultural development) are highly recommended. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1997;11(2):157-162

Micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia and their inter-relationships

A nationwide study on the prevalence of xerophthalmia was carried out in 6,636 children aged 6 months to 6 years in all the Regions of Ethiopia except Eritrea and Tigrai which were excluded for security reasons. Bitot's spots were observed in 1.0% of all children with higher prevalence in the pastoral (1.6%) and cropping (1.1%) agro-ecological zones than in the cash- crop (0.4%) and ensete ('false banana', Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) (0.0%) zones. Conjunctival xerosis and Bitot's spots were twice as common in boys than in girls and this was seen in all age groups. One case of corneal xerosis and two cases of corneal scar (0.03%) were also found. Serum retinol levels were deficient (It is estimated that there are three quarters of a million blind persons in Ethiopia. Results of a study of the 721 pupils in the six schools for the blind showed that 70% of the blindness was due to corneal opacity or shrinkage of the eye ball. Measles was implicated as a cause of blindness in 40% of the children while a further 13% regarded "mitch" as the predisposing factor. Mitch is an Amharic term used to describe a wide range of vague illness with fever and measles possibly comprising a large proportion of these cases.A nationwide study on 35,635 school children and 19,158 household members showed that the prevalence of gross goitre was 30.6% and 18.7% respectively while that of visible goitre was 1.6% and 3.2% respectively. Prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males and increased with age more in females than in males. Prevalence increased with increasing altitude. Based on an epidemiological model, the numbers of people suffering from various iodine deficiency disorders have been estimated.In Melkaye village of Hararge Region, a high prevalence of symptoms of vitamin A deficiency were found in 240 children examined: night blindness, 28.7%; Bitot's spots 6.7%; corneal xerosis 0.83%; corneal ulceration/keratornalacia 6.3%; and corneal scars 5.8%. Of the children studied, 30.2% had deficient serum retinol levels (In a study of 14,740 children in Shoa Region of Central Ethiopia, goitre, xerophthalmia (Bitot's spots) and clinical anaemia were observed in 34.2%, 0.91% and 18.6% respectively of the children. Based on a sample of 344 children, the median of most biochemical parameters was within the normal range except for haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and urinary iodine excretion where the median was lower, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and immunoglobulins G and M where it was higher. Many significant correlations were observed and these were used as the basis for the formulation of hypothethes. The anaemia found was not nutritional in origin but due to the effect of infestation with intestinal parasites and malaria.The effect of vitamin A supplementation on the treatment of goitre with iodized oil was assessed in a series of studies in Shoa Region. Iodized oil supplementation significantly reduced goitre size in those who had grade IB goitre (observable when neck extended). After 4 and 7/8 weeks post-treatment, concentrations of thyroxin and that of urinary iodine excretion increased significantly, while those of total triiodothyronine and thyrotropin decreased significantly. Vitamin A supplementation increased serum levels of retinol and retinol-binding protein at weeks 4 and 7/8 but had no effect on goitre size or parameters of iodine metabolism.In a similar study on anaemia, supplementation with iron and folic acid significantly increased levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell count, serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and significantly decreased levels of total iron binding capacity and transferrin at 4 and 7/8 weeks posttreatment. Only the increase in red blood cell count and decrease in mean corpuscular volume were significantly greater in those supplemented with vitamin A than those who were not supplemented.In the Gurage area in Central Ethiopia, cultivation, harvesting, yield and processing of ensete were studied in 60 households in six villages. Ensete was propagated vegetatively and has a six-year growing cycle in which it was transplanted three or four times. The yield of ensete food ("ko'cho") was 9.5 tons/yr/ha (6.1 MJ/m 2/yr). Except for cassava, the energy yield of ensete was higher than that from all other crops grown in Ethiopia while the protein yield (11.4 g/m 2/yr) was higher than that of all crops except banana and Irish potato although the protein density is very low (12 g/kg). The pseudostem and corm provide a starchy pulp which is fermented and can be stored for up to 5-7 years in an earthen pit. It can then be prepared for consumption in a variety of ways which have been studied in detail. The mean intake of ensete was 0.55 kg/day and provided 68% of total energy intake, 20% of protein, 28% of iron but no vitamin A. Energy intake from all food consumed was extremely low in Gurage, being only 60% of requirements

TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA JENIS SABU OLEH ANGGOTA POLRI DI KEC. KABANJAHE (Studi Kasus No 199/PID.SUS/2017 PN.KBJ)

ABSTRAK Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis Penyebab Anggota Polri Kec. Kabanjahe Kab Karo melakukan tindak Pidana Narkotika Jenis Sabu. Sanksi Yang Dikenakan Institusi Kepolisian Kepada Anggota Kepolisian Yang Terlibat Dalam Kejahatan kecanduan Narkoba, Analisis yuridis Terhadap Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Jenis Sabu Oleh Anggota Polri Di Kec. Kabanjahe Kab Karo. (Studi Kasus No 199/PID.SUS/2017 PN.KBJ). Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif. Sifat penelitian bersifat deskriptif, sumber data yang digunakan data sekunder. Analisis data dilakukan dengan kualitatif dan menganalisis menggunakan data sekunder. Faktor pemicu penyalahgunaan narkotika jenis sabu yang dilakukan anggota kepolisian,terutama psikologi polisi juga dapat mempengaruhi kecanduan narkoba. Ekonomi adalah akar permasalahan dari segala kejahatan. Stress adalah suatu keadaan emosi tidak stabil dan keadaan yang merupakan akibat dari berbagai masalah, kebosanan dan ketidakmampuan untuk memenuhi keinginan/harapan. Sanksi pidana terhadap anggota polisi yang menyalahgunakan sabu sanksi pidana terhadap pecandu narkoba diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009. Aturan ini tidak hanya berlaku untuk petugas polisi, tetapi juga untuk anggota lain yang telah dihukum karena penyalahgunaan narkoba. Pengaturan mengenai tindak pidana narkotika dan ancaman pidana bagi pelakunya diatur dalam berbagai Psl, yaitu Psl 111, Psl 127, Psl 129 dan Psl 137. Analisis yuridis Terhadap Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Jenis Sabu Oleh Anggota Polri Di Kec. Kabanjahe Kab.Karo. (Studi Kasus No 199/PID.SUS/2017 PN.KBJ) Penyalahgunaan Narkoba Golongan I untuk Ruspiccal Sihombing Ruspiccal Sihombing tidak layak untuk tidak memenuhi ketentuan yang di atur dalam ketentuan. Dalam kasus Psl 112 (1) UU No. 35 Golongan I 2009 bukan merupakan jenis sabu karena keadaan hukum persidangan memenuhi unsur-unsur yang ditemukan dalam Psl 112  (1) UU No. 35 Tahun 2009. Kata Kunci: Tindak Pidana, Penyalahgunaan Narkotika, Jenis Sabu.                                                                     ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the reports of members of the National Police, Kabanjahe District, Karo Regency, who committed the crime of narcotics in the type of crystal meth. Sanctions given by police agencies against members of the police who abuse methamphetamine narcotics. Juridical Analysis of the Crime of Narcotics Abuse Types of Sabu by Police Members in Kabanjahe District, Karo Regency (Case Study No. 199 / PID.SUS / 2017 PN.KBJ). This research uses normative legal research. The nature of the research is descriptive, the data source used is secondary data. Data analysis was carried out by qualitative analysis and analysis using secondary data. The factors causing the type of methamphetamine narcotics that are members of the police, are the mental attitude of a policeman, stress, family environment and weak law enforcement officers. Sanctions Given by the Police Agency against Members of the Police who Misuse Sabu-Type Narcotics, criminal sanctions against individuals in the Narcotics Police are enforced by Law no. 35 of 2009. Juridical analysis of the crime of abuse of narcotics types of methamphetamine by members of the National Police in Kabanjahe District, Karo Regency. Narcotics Abuser Category I for himself "against the defendant Ruspiccal Sihombing was inaccurate because the elements contained in the article were not fulfilled, the Panel of Judges should be more precise in applying Article 112 Paragraph (1) of Law no. 35 of 2009, namely "without rights and against the law to own, keep, control, or provide narcotics. My category is not a type of methamphetamine plant.   Keywords: Crime, Narcotics Abuse, Types of Sabu

DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF THE MAJOR ALLERGEN OVOMUCOID BY SOLUTION NMR

poster abstractThe interest in the ovomucoid protein is twofold. First it is a protein of interest for medical studies due to its potent allergen activity. Second, as a special variety of glycosylated protein (Kazal family), it allows us to explore the role of protein glycosylation in protein-membrane interactions for a particular, model case. The nature, location, and orientation of the glycosyl groups are determining factors in proteinmembrane interactions and therefore are critical to biological processes involving glycosylated proteins. We have found that as opposed to other glycosylated proteins, ovomucoid does not induce ionic currents across lipid membranes. This behavior likely has a structural cause, yet very little overall structural data is available. In this study, we use solution NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of the chicken ovomucoid protein, taking advantage of the division of its structure into three stable domains of 55-65 amino acids each. We present results on the protein purification steps and isolation of separate domains suitable for solution NMR spectroscopy. We then present NMR results acquired on a 500 MHz spectrometer, and we show atomic models of individual domains and of overall protein structure from analysis of NMR spectra