On the Impact of Trees on Ventilation in a Real Street in Pamplona, Spain

This paper is devoted to the quantification of changes in ventilation of a real neighborhood located in Pamplona, Spain, due to the presence of street trees Pollutant dispersion in this urban zone was previously studied by means of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. In the present work, that research is extended to analyze the ventilation in the whole neighborhood and in a tree-free street. Several scenarios are investigated including new trees in the tree-free street, and different leaf area density (LAD) in the whole neighborhood. Changes between the scenarios are evaluated through changes in average concentration, wind speed, flow rates and total pollutant fluxes. Additionally, wind flow patterns and the vertical profiles of flow properties (e.g., wind velocity, turbulent kinetic energy) and concentration, horizontally-averaged over one particular street, are analyzed. The approach-flow direction is almost perpendicular to the street under study (prevailing wind direction is only deviated 4º from the perpendicular direction). For these conditions, as LAD increases, average concentration in the whole neighborhood increases due to the decrease of wind speed. On the other hand, the inclusion of trees in the street produces an increase of averaged pollutant concentration only within this street, in particular for the scenario with the highest LAD value. In fact, the new trees in the street analyzed with the highest LAD value notably change the ventilation producing an increase of total pollutant fluxes inward the street. Additionally, pollutant dispersion within the street is also influenced by the reduction of the wind velocity along the street axis and the decrease of turbulent kinetic energy within the vegetation canopy caused by the new trees. Therefore, the inclusion of new trees in a tree-free street should be done by considering ventilation changes and traffic emissions should be consequently controlled in order to keep pollutant concentration within healthy levels

Aménagement d’ossuaires dans le baptistère paléochrétien de Brioude (Haute-Loire) : sélection, tri des ossements et relation À l’Âge au décès

Le baptistère de Brioude constitue actuellement un ensemble unique en Auvergne. Intégré au sanctuaire de Saint-Julien au début du haut Moyen âge, il présente des sépultures installées intra muros au moment de son fonctionnement, fait exceptionnel en Gaule mérovingienne. La datation particulièrement bien établie de l’ensemble des vestiges et, par conséquent, du rythme des changements qu’ils ont subis, a permis d’identifier deux phases funéraires : la première, datée du VIe s. ap. J.-C., est contemporaine de l’utilisation du baptistère. La seconde, désigne l’ensemble des sépultures installées dans le niveau de démolition du baptistère sur les tombes précédentes ; elles sont associées à un nouvel édifice élevé sur l’emprise du baptistère au début du VIIe s. L’analyse du fonctionnement de l’ensemble de cet espace funéraire a permis d’identifier une étape charnière entre ces deux principales phases chronologiques. Celle-ci correspond au réaménagement de plusieurs sépultures appartenant à la première phase, en raison de la construction de l’édifice funéraire remplaçant le baptistère. Ces perturbations ont entraîné le déplacement ou la destruction partielle de certains sarcophages. Une partie des ossements ainsi exhumés a été rassemblée en ossuaires. Trois ossuaires ont été mis au jour dans une fosse creusée dans le sol de la salle baptismale. La présence de liaisons ostéologiques de deuxième ordre entre ces différents ensembles démontre, d’une part, que leur mise en place résulte d’un processus unique, d’autre part, que la distribution de l’ensemble des vestiges osseux n’a pas été aléatoire. En effet, une sélection et un tri d’os matures en fonction de leur catégorie (os longs, blocs cranio-faciaux et os de petite et moyenne tailles) ont été réalisés et répartis en trois dépôts distincts. Nous constatons en outre, que les os pairs non matures ont été répartis dans deux ossuaires. Enfin, l’estimation de l’âge de ces jeunes sujets les place majoritairement parmi la classe des 5-9 ans, individus d’ailleurs absents du reste de l’espace sépulcral. Ces résultats laissent envisager l’existence d’une zone originelle réservée à cette classe d’âge au décès de la population, détruite lors de la construction du bâtiment de la seconde phase.The baptistery of Brioude is today a unique monument in Auvergne. It was associated with the sanctuary housing the relics of Saint Julien, which dates to the early Middle Ages. During its period of use, the baptistery provided for intra muros burial. This is a unique occurrence in Merovingian Gaul. Two phases of funerary use could be identified from the regularity with which the remains had been treated. The first, dating from the 6th century AD, is contemporary with the use of the baptistery. The second dates from the middle of Merovingian period (from the 7th century A.D.) and is associated with the building of a new structure on the site of the baptistery. This structure was accompanied by burials placed directly over those of the previous phase. The analysis of spatial relationships among burials enabled us to identify a transitional stage between these two phases. This stage was identified on the basis of the disturbance of several burials belonging to the first phase, subsequent to the construction of the structure of the second phase. These disturbances led to the displacement of partial destruction of some sarcophagi and the inclusion of some disturbed skeletal remains in ossuaries. Three ossuaries have been discovered under the floor of the baptistery. The identification of osteological relations of the second order among these different groups demonstrates that, first, the three ossuaries resulted from a single action and, second, the distribution of skeletal elements was not random but that selection and sorting of adult bones had been carried out according to their anatomical type (long bones, cranium, small and middle-sized bones), and these had been separated into three different deposits. Furthermore, we noted that paired immature skeletal elements were divided between two ossuaries. Finally, the age assessment of these young individuals classified them into the 5-9 age category, a group that was absent from the rest of the burial area. These results lead us to hypothesize that there had once been a burial area reserved for this part of the population. This area seems to have been destroyed during the construction of the second phase structure

Étude paléodémographique et utilisation du feu à Hili N, une sépulture collective en fosse de la fin de l’âge du Bronze ancien aux Émirats Arabes Unis

En 1983, en bordure d’une tombe circulaire monumentale typique de la période Umm an-Nar (vers 2700-2000 av. J.-C.), une sépulture collective en fosse a été dégagée à Hili, aux abords de l’actuelle ville d’Al Ain (Émirat d’Abu Dhabi). L’objectif de la présente étude consiste à établir si cette structure originale datée de 2200-2000 av. J.-C., soit la fin de l’âge du Bronze ancien dans la région, est à mettre en relation avec un traitement ou un recrutement particulier de la population inhumée, et à tenter de définir de quelle manière le feu est intervenu durant l’utilisation de cette fosse funéraire. Nous avons pu démontrer que tous les défunts de plus d’un an pouvaient accéder à la tombe sans qu’il y ait de sélection d’âge ou de sexe qui soit perceptible. En revanche, une partie des bébés de moins de 12 mois a vraisemblablement été inhumée ailleurs.Le feu est présent sous la forme d’au moins quatre foyers, allumés durant les dernières phases d’utilisation de la fosse sépulcrale. Le sens de ces feux – idéologique, rituel ou utilitaire – nous échappe : nous pouvons seulement attester qu’ils ne visaient ni à brûler l’ensemble des os, ni à consumer un défunt particulier.In 1983, next to one of the monumental circular tombs considered to be diagnostic for the Umm an-Nar Period (ca 2700-2000 BC), a collective burial in a pit-grave was discovered. The first objective of the present study is to establish whether this structure, dated to 2200-2000 BC, i.e. the end of the Early Bronze Age in the region, is associated with a specific funerary practice or to a selection of the buried individuals. The second is to define the function of the fire in the pit. All the deceased aged more than one year were buried without any perceptible selection as to age or sex. However, some of the babies aged less than twelve months were probably buried elsewhere.At least four fires occurred during the last phases of use of the grave. The significance of these fires - ideology, ritual, utilitarian – is unknown. We can only confirm that these fires were not intended to burn all the bones, nor a particular individual

Clermont-Ferrand – Angles des rues Kessler et Rabanesse et du boulevard Jean-Jaurès

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 2007/218 Date de l'opération : 2007 (EX) Le projet d’aménagement d’un immeuble dans une zone riche en vestiges archéologiques étant susceptible d’affecter des éléments du patrimoine, une campagne de diagnostic a été prescrite par le service régional de l’archéologie d’Auvergne. Cette opération, menée du 9 au 17 octobre 2007, concerne un projet d’une surface de 2 732 m2 . Le site est localisé dans les quartiers sud de la ville, à l’angle des rues Kes..

Telemedicine Enables Broader Access to Movement Disorders Curricula for Medical Students

Background: The impact of tele-education for movement disorders on medical students is unknown. The present study had three objectives. First, to create a tele-education program for medical students in regions with limited access to movement disorders curricula. Second, to analyze the feasibility, satisfaction, and improvement of medical knowledge. Third, to assess the main reasons of medical students for attending this course. Methods: In 2016, a program was piloted in a low-middle income (Cameroon) and a middle-high income (Argentina) country. Medical students were offered a free movement disorder tele-education program (four medical schools in Argentina, and 1 medical school in Cameroon). Six real-time videoconferences covering hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders were included. Evaluations included attendance, pre- and post-medical knowledge, and satisfaction questionnaires. Results: The study included 151 undergraduate medical students (79.4% from Argentina, 20.6% from Cameroon). Feasibility was acceptable with 100% and 85.7% of the videoconferences completed in Argentina and Cameroon, respectively. Attendance was higher in Argentina compared to Cameroon (75% vs. 33.1%). According to student reports, the topics and innovative educational environment were the main reasons for attendance. Both groups ranked satisfaction as moderate to high, and medical knowledge improved similarly in both countries. Discussion: Tele-education can improve movement disorders knowledge in medical schools in high-middle and low-middle income countries lacking access to other educational opportunities

Témoignages de la Guerre des Gaules dans le bassin clermontois, nouveaux apports

La localisation de la Gergovia antique et des ouvrages du siège césarien est admise depuis plusieurs années, au moins au sein de la communauté scientifique. Une mission d’expertise conduite au milieu des années 1990 a en effet permis de valider le tracé d’une partie des fortifications tel qu’il avait été décrit à l’issue des recherches du Second Empire. La multiplication des interventions archéologiques dans ce secteur du bassin clermontois permet de préciser le tracé du dispositif militaire installé en 52 av. J.-C. La mise au jour de nouveaux vestiges immobiliers (fossés, sépulture humaine et ensevelissements de chevaux, tronçons de voies) et mobiliers (militaria tardo-républicains) permet en effet de mieux cerner l’emprise du champ de bataille. Elle conduit à formuler des hypothèses nouvelles quant au déroulement du siège de l’oppidum.The location of the ancient Gergovia and the Caesarian siege works has been known for several years, at least within the scientific community. An expert mission conducted in the mid-1990s has enabled the validation of the layout of some of the fortifications as were described in research at the end of the Second Empire.The proliferation of archaeological work in this area of the Clermont bassin has enabled us to specify the route of Caesar’s military configuration set up in front of Gergovia in 52 BC.The discovery of new property remains (ditches, human burials and horse burials, sections of track) and home furnishings (late-Republican militaria) makes it possible to better understand the influence of the battlefield and lead to the formulation of new hypotheses about the course of the siege of the oppidum

Témoignages de la Guerre des Gaules dans le bassin clermontois, nouveaux apports

La localisation de la Gergovia antique et des ouvrages du siège césarien est admise depuis plusieurs années, au moins au sein de la communauté scientifique. Une mission d’expertise conduite au milieu des années 1990 a en effet permis de valider le tracé d’une partie des fortifications tel qu’il avait été décrit à l’issue des recherches du Second Empire. La multiplication des interventions archéologiques dans ce secteur du bassin clermontois permet de préciser le tracé du dispositif militaire installé en 52 av. J.-C. La mise au jour de nouveaux vestiges immobiliers (fossés, sépulture humaine et ensevelissements de chevaux, tronçons de voies) et mobiliers (militaria tardo-républicains) permet en effet de mieux cerner l’emprise du champ de bataille. Elle conduit à formuler des hypothèses nouvelles quant au déroulement du siège de l’oppidum.The location of the ancient Gergovia and the Caesarian siege works has been known for several years, at least within the scientific community. An expert mission conducted in the mid-1990s has enabled the validation of the layout of some of the fortifications as were described in research at the end of the Second Empire.The proliferation of archaeological work in this area of the Clermont bassin has enabled us to specify the route of Caesar’s military configuration set up in front of Gergovia in 52 BC.The discovery of new property remains (ditches, human burials and horse burials, sections of track) and home furnishings (late-Republican militaria) makes it possible to better understand the influence of the battlefield and lead to the formulation of new hypotheses about the course of the siege of the oppidum

Genomic Profiling of Childhood Tumor Patient-Derived Xenograft Models to Enable Rational Clinical Trial Design.

Accelerating cures for children with cancer remains an immediate challenge as a result of extensive oncogenic heterogeneity between and within histologies, distinct molecular mechanisms evolving between diagnosis and relapsed disease, and limited therapeutic options. To systematically prioritize and rationally test novel agents in preclinical murine models, researchers within the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium are continuously developing patient-derived xenografts (PDXs)-many of which are refractory to current standard-of-care treatments-from high-risk childhood cancers. Here, we genomically characterize 261 PDX models from 37 unique pediatric cancers; demonstrate faithful recapitulation of histologies and subtypes; and refine our understanding of relapsed disease. In addition, we use expression signatures to classify tumors for TP53 and NF1 pathway inactivation. We anticipate that these data will serve as a resource for pediatric oncology drug development and will guide rational clinical trial design for children with cancer

Lempdes – Les Gibaudonnes et La Ponsole, Fontanille, Croix Saint-Masson (ZAC de la Fontanille II)

L’emprise de la future ZAC de la Fontanille à Lempdes est située entre les ronds-points de la Croix Saint-Masson et de Chazal. Les parcelles concernées par l’opération archéologique se trouvent au pied de la butte marnocalcaire de Chambussière, en bordure sud de la grande plaine de La Limagne, dans le secteur communément appelée les Marais. Cette opération, menée du 13 novembre 2006 au 23 décembre 2006 et du 8 au 26 janvier 2007, concerne un projet d’une surface de 375 776 m2 (BSR 2006, p. 10..

Establishing an online resource to facilitate global collaboration and inclusion of underrepresented populations:Experience from the MJFF Global Genetic Parkinson's Disease Project

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder, currently affecting ~7 million people worldwide. PD is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with at least 10% of all cases explained by a monogenic cause or strong genetic risk factor. However, the vast majority of our present data on monogenic PD is based on the investigation of patients of European White ancestry, leaving a large knowledge gap on monogenic PD in underrepresented populations. Gene-targeted therapies are being developed at a fast pace and have started entering clinical trials. In light of these developments, building a global network of centers working on monogenic PD, fostering collaborative research, and establishing a clinical trial-ready cohort is imperative. Based on a systematic review of the English literature on monogenic PD and a successful team science approach, we have built up a network of 59 sites worldwide and have collected information on the availability of data, biomaterials, and facilities. To enable access to this resource and to foster collaboration across centers, as well as between academia and industry, we have developed an interactive map and online tool allowing for a quick overview of available resources, along with an option to filter for specific items of interest. This initiative is currently being merged with the Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2), which will attract additional centers with a focus on underrepresented sites. This growing resource and tool will facilitate collaborative research and impact the development and testing of new therapies for monogenic and potentially for idiopathic PD patients.</p