Harmful Unbundling

Companies have been unbundling their product: they have been selling separately products and services that were traditionally sold together.  In doing so, they have raised their profits.  This paper uses a model to show how companies can use unbundling to increase profits and decrease competition.  Unbundling raises problems when it increases information cost, information asymmetry, and barriers to entry.  This paper also discusses the US case laws that have grasped with these issues of bundling and unbundling

Dual Enforcement of Electric Utility Mergers and Acquisitions

Article published in the Michigan State Journal of Business and Securities Law

Limited Solution To A Dangerous Problem: The Future Of The Oil Pollution Act

Catastrophic incidents have the potential to provoke government action. In the words of former Chief of Staff for President Barack Obama, Rahm Emmanuel, “[y]ou never want a serious crisis to go to waste.” In the case of two major past environmental disasters, Congress did not let the opportunity for new environmental legislation to pass unrealized. In 1980, following the 1979 Love Canal incident, the United States Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Similarly, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) following the 1989 Exxon Valdez environmental disaster. In 2010, British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon exploded and released 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This event was one of the most catastrophic environmental events in U.S. history and yet, Congress has failed to pass sweeping environmental reform. Not only have the enormous environmental and economic impacts caused by the release put the OPA to the test, but the OPA has proven insufficient. Although Congress designed the OPA with tanker spills in mind, this Comment finds that, even for tanker spills, the OPA is flawed. Further, this Comment will suggest ways to improve the OPA and argues that Congress should act by increasing financial and criminal liability in order to prevent future spills. Part II of this Comment provides a brief history of water pollution in the United States and continues to discuss the Exxon Valdez disaster, the OPA, and the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Part III argues that the OPA is inefficient because it only sufficiently focuses on medium sized tanker spills, leaving large spills at the mercy of the benevolence of the polluter while doing little to deter minor spills. Part IV discusses different ways to address the OPA’s inefficiencies and Part V concludes that Congress can reduce the occurrence of environmental disasters by extending liability to lenders, shareholders, and employees through the use of criminal liability

The First Sale Doctrine and Foreign Sales: The Economic Implications in the United States Textbook Market

This Article investigates the impact of the Kirtsaeng decision. After discussing the first sale doctrine, this Article presents the issues around implementing a worldwide first sale doctrine. International treaties attempt to ensure that authors can benefit from their work by affording them similar protections in different jurisdictions. But a worldwide first sale exhaustion limits the ability of copyright holders to profit from their work because it allows the author to compete with its own work that had been priced differently in different jurisdictions. Finally, this Article tests whether, in the United States, the price of textbooks has been affected by the Kirtsaeng decision and finds that the price of textbooks increased between 2001 and 2018 but not more rapidly or slowly after the decision. In other words, the decision may not have had any effect (yet)