Структурні зміни мікроциркуляторного русла дванадцятипалої кишки при обтураційному холестазі

The aim of the work: to study morphologically the features of vascular remodeling of the microcirculatory bed of the duodenum at prolonged obstructive cholestasis. Materials and Methods. Features of vascular remodeling of the microcirculatory bed of the duodenum at prolonged obstructive cholestasis were investigated morphologically. Оbstructive cholestasis was modeled by the ligation of the common bile duct. The microcirculatory bed of the duodenum was examined by the method of V. V. Kupriyanov after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of simulated obstructive cholestasis. Results and Discussion. Studies have shown that obstructive cholestasis leads to marked remodeling of the microcirculatory bed of the duodenum. In the early stages of the simulated pathology, there is a spasm of the arterial vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed and expansion of the capillary venules and venules, increasing their density. At 14 and 28 days, obstructive cholestasis is complicated by the enlargement of the lymphatic and venous vessels of the microcirculatory bed, the decrease in the number of hemocapillaries, hypoxia, dystrophic, necrobiotic, infiltrative and sclerotic processes in the duodenal wall.Цель работы: морфологически изучить особенности ремоделирования сосудов микроциркуляторного русла двенадцятиперстной кишки при длительном обтурационном холестазе. Материалы и методы. Морфологически исследованы особенности ремоделирования сосудов микроциркуляторного русла двенадцатиперстной кишки при длительном обтурационном холестазе, который моделировали перевязкой общего желчного протока. Микроциркуляторное русло двенадцатиперстной кишки исследовалось методом В. В. Куприянова через 3, 7, 14 и 28 суток смоделированного обтурационного холестаза. Результаты исследований и их обсуждение. Проведенными исследованиями установлено, что обтурационный холестаз приводит к выраженному ремоделированию микроциркуляторного русла двенадцатиперстной кишки. На ранних стадиях смоделированной патологии возникает спазм приносящих сосудов гемомикроциркуляторного русла и расширения закапиллярних венул и венул, увеличение их плотности. На 14 и 28 суток обтурационный холестаз осложняется расширением лимфатических и венозных сосудов микроциркуляторного русла, уменьшением количества гемокапилляров, гипоксией, дистрофическими, некробиотическими, инфильтративными и склеротическими процессами в стенке двенадцатиперстной кишки.Мета роботи: морфологічно вивчити особливості ремоделювання судин мікроциркуляторного русла дванадцятипалої кишки при тривалому обтураційному холестазі. Матеріали і методи. Морфологічно досліджено особливості ремоделювання судин мікроциркуляторного русла дванадцятипалої кишки при тривалому обтураційному холестазі, який моделювали перев’язкою загальної жовчної протоки. Мікроциркуляторне русло дванадцятипалої кишки досліджувалося за методом В. В. Купріянова через 3, 7, 14 та 28 діб змодельованого обтураційного холестазу. Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Проведеними дослідженнями встановлено, що обтураційний холестаз призводить до вираженого ремоделювання мікроциркуляторного русла дванадцятипалої кишки. На ранніх стадіях змодельованої патології виникає спазм приносних судин гемомікроциркуляторного русла та розширення закапілярних венул та венул, збільшення їх щільності. На 14 та 28 доби обтураційний холестаз ускладнюється розширенням лімфатичних та венозних судин мікроциркуляторного русла, зменшенням кількості гемокапілярів, гіпоксією, дистрофічними, некробіотичними, інфільтративними та склеротичними процесами у стінці дванадцятипалої кишки

Моделювання інтелектуальної системи оцінювання багаторівневих тестових завдань на основі нечіткої логіки

The article describes the stages of modeling an intelligent system for evaluating multilevel test tasks based on fuzzy logic in the MATLAB application package, namely the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The analysis of existing approaches to fuzzy assessment of test methods, their advantages and disadvantages is given. The considered methods for assessing students are presented in the general case by two methods: using fuzzy sets and corresponding membership functions; fuzzy estimation method and generalized fuzzy estimation method. In the present work, the Sugeno production model is used as the closest to the natural language. This closeness allows for closer interaction with a subject area expert and build well-understood, easily interpreted inference systems. The structure of a fuzzy system, functions and mechanisms of model building are described. The system is presented in the form of a block diagram of fuzzy logical nodes and consists of four input variables, corresponding to the levels of knowledge assimilation and one initial one. The surface of the response of a fuzzy system reflects the dependence of the final grade on the level of difficulty of the task and the degree of correctness of the task. The structure and functions of the fuzzy system are indicated. The modeled in this way intelligent system for assessing multilevel test tasks based on fuzzy logic makes it possible to take into account the fuzzy characteristics of the test: the level of difficulty of the task, which can be assessed as “easy”, “average", “above average”, “difficult”; the degree of correctness of the task, which can be assessed as “correct”, “partially correct”, “rather correct”, “incorrect”; time allotted for the execution of a test task or test, which can be assessed as “short”, “medium”, “long”, “very long”; the percentage of correctly completed tasks, which can be assessed as “small”, “medium”, “large”, “very large”; the final mark for the test, which can be assessed as “poor”, “satisfactory”, “good”, “excellent”, which are included in the assessment. This approach ensures the maximum consideration of answers to questions of all levels of complexity by formulating a base of inference rules and selection of weighting coefficients when deriving the final estimate. The robustness of the system is achieved by using Gaussian membership functions. The testing of the controller on the test sample brings the functional suitability of the developed model.The article describes the stages of modeling an intelligent system for evaluating multilevel test tasks based on fuzzy logic in the MATLAB application package, namely the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The analysis of existing approaches to fuzzy assessment of test methods, their advantages and disadvantages is given. The considered methods for assessing students are presented in the general case by two methods: using fuzzy sets and corresponding membership functions; fuzzy estimation method and generalized fuzzy estimation method. In the present work, the Sugeno production model is used as the closest to the natural language. This closeness allows for closer interaction with a subject area expert and build well-understood, easily interpreted inference systems. The structure of a fuzzy system, functions and mechanisms of model building are described. The system is presented in the form of a block diagram of fuzzy logical nodes and consists of four input variables, corresponding to the levels of knowledge assimilation and one initial one. The surface of the response of a fuzzy system reflects the dependence of the final grade on the level of difficulty of the task and the degree of correctness of the task. The structure and functions of the fuzzy system are indicated. The modeled in this way intelligent system for assessing multilevel test tasks based on fuzzy logic makes it possible to take into account the fuzzy characteristics of the test: the level of difficulty of the task, which can be assessed as “easy”, “average", “above average”, “difficult”; the degree of correctness of the task, which can be assessed as “correct”, “partially correct”, “rather correct”, “incorrect”; time allotted for the execution of a test task or test, which can be assessed as “short”, “medium”, “long”, “very long”; the percentage of correctly completed tasks, which can be assessed as “small”, “medium”, “large”, “very large”; the final mark for the test, which can be assessed as “poor”, “satisfactory”, “good”, “excellent”, which are included in the assessment. This approach ensures the maximum consideration of answers to questions of all levels of complexity by formulating a base of inference rules and selection of weighting coefficients when deriving the final estimate. The robustness of the system is achieved by using Gaussian membership functions. The testing of the controller on the test sample brings the functional suitability of the developed model

Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives

Testing a prediction model for the H-mode density pedestal against JET-ILW pedestals

The neutral ionisation model proposed by Groebner et al (2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 2134) to determine the plasma density profile in the H-mode pedestal, is extended to include charge exchange processes in the pedestal stimulated by the ideas of Mahdavi et al (2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 3984). The model is then tested against JET H-mode pedestal data, both in a 'standalone' version using experimental temperature profiles and also by incorporating it in the Europed version of EPED. The model is able to predict the density pedestal over a wide range of conditions with good accuracy. It is also able to predict the experimentally observed isotope effect on the density pedestal that eludes simpler neutral ionization models

Disruption prediction at JET through deep convolutional neural networks using spatiotemporal information from plasma profiles

In view of the future high power nuclear fusion experiments, the early identification of disruptions is a mandatory requirement, and presently the main goal is moving from the disruption mitigation to disruption avoidance and control. In this work, a deep-convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to provide early detection of disruptive events at JET. The CNN ability to learn relevant features, avoiding hand-engineered feature extraction, has been exploited to extract the spatiotemporal information from 1D plasma profiles. The model is trained with regularly terminated discharges and automatically selected disruptive phase of disruptions, coming from the recent ITER-like-wall experiments. The prediction performance is evaluated using a set of discharges representative of different operating scenarios, and an in-depth analysis is made to evaluate the performance evolution with respect to the considered experimental conditions. Finally, as real-time triggers and termination schemes are being developed at JET, the proposed model has been tested on a set of recent experiments dedicated to plasma termination for disruption avoidance and mitigation. The CNN model demonstrates very high performance, and the exploitation of 1D plasma profiles as model input allows us to understand the underlying physical phenomena behind the predictor decision

Comparing pedestal structure in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas with a model for stiff ETG turbulent heat transport

A predictive model for the electron temperature profile of the H-mode pedestal is described, and its results are compared with the pedestal structure of JET-ILW plasmas. The model is based on a scaling for the gyro-Bohm normalized, turbulent electron heat flux qe/qe,gB resulting from electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence, derived from results of nonlinear gyrokinetic (GK) calculations for the steep gradient region. By using the local temperature gradient scale length L-Te in the normalization, the dependence of q(e)/q(e,g)B on the normalized gradients R/L-Te and R/(Lne) can be represented by a unified scaling with the parameter eta(e) = L-ne/L-Te, to which the linear stability of ETG turbulence is sensitive when the density gradient is sufficiently steep. For a prescribed density profile, the value of R/L-Te determined from this scaling, required to maintain a constant electron heat flux qe across the pedestal, is used to calculate the temperature profile. Reasonable agreement with measurements is found for different cases, the model providing an explanation of the relative widths and shifts of the T-e and n(e) profiles, as well as highlighting the importance of the separatrix boundary conditions. Other cases showing disagreement indicate conditions where other branches of turbulence might dominate.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue "H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas'

Shattered pellet injection experiments at JET in support of the ITER disruption mitigation system design

A series of experiments have been executed at JET to assess the efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injection (SPI) system in mitigating the effects of disruptions. Issues, important for the ITER disruption mitigation system, such as thermal load mitigation, avoidance of runaway electron (RE) formation, radiation asymmetries during thermal quench mitigation, electromagnetic load control and RE energy dissipation have been addressed over a large parameter range. The efficiency of the mitigation has been examined for the various SPI injection strategies. The paper summarises the results from these JET SPI experiments and discusses their implications for the ITER disruption mitigation scheme

New H-mode regimes with small ELMs and high thermal confinement in the Joint European Torus

New H-mode regimes with high confinement, low core impurity accumulation, and small edge-localized mode perturbations have been obtained in magnetically confined plasmas at the Joint European Torus tokamak. Such regimes are achieved by means of optimized particle fueling conditions at high input power, current, and magnetic field, which lead to a self-organized state with a strong increase in rotation and ion temperature and a decrease in the edge density. An interplay between core and edge plasma regions leads to reduced turbulence levels and outward impurity convection. These results pave the way to an attractive alternative to the standard plasmas considered for fusion energy generation in a tokamak with a metallic wall environment such as the ones expected in ITER.& nbsp;Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing

First-Principles Density Limit Scaling in Tokamaks Based on Edge Turbulent Transport and Implications for ITER

A first-principles scaling law, based on turbulent transport considerations, and a multimachine database of density limit discharges from the ASDEX Upgrade, JET, and TCV tokamaks, show that the increase of the boundary turbulent transport with the plasma collisionality sets the maximum density achievable in tokamaks. This scaling law shows a strong dependence on the heating power, therefore predicting for ITER a significantly larger safety margin than the Greenwald empirical scaling [Greenwald et al., Nucl. Fusion, 28, 2199 (1988)] in case of unintentional high-to-low confinement transition