Influencia de la evolución de la humedad del suelo en los procesos formadores

The five soil-forming factors described by Jenny in 1941: climate, relief, biological activity, lithology, and time, depend on the water. Soil degradation, especially due to erosion, is one of the most serious problems facing humanity for its subsistence on this planet. Therefore, we should not only conserve the soil but also enhance their forming processes, where the relevance of the water comes from.This dissertation analyzes the evolution of soil moisture for a four years period in an area where an intense weathering of granite rocks has been detected. The research area is a watershed forming on granitic terrane located near the village of Cardeña (Córdoba province in southern Spain), which flows into the Martín Gonzalo Creek, a tributary of the Guadalquivir River, on its right margin. A soil moisture and temperature sensors network coupled to a GPRS data transfer system was installed on two opposite hillslope that converge in the course of the creek, one north-facing, and the other south-facing, in order to assess the effect of the different insolation on them. The water table depth on the north-facing slope was also measured on several piezometers. Soil formation processes were simulated with a one-dimensional model combining physical and chemical weathering processes. Soil moisture followed similar trends in the two hillslopes, although both soil moisture and vegetation, as estimated by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), showed notable differences between them. Vegetation uptook water from different water pools, soil as well as the rest of the vadose zone, what is also known as rock moisture. Temperature can trace field soil moisture changes. The piezometric level of the shallow aquifer responds fast to the recharge induced by the rain pulses. Finally, the simulation of soil formation through the Chemical Depletion Fraction (CDF), using the SoilGen model, shows a good correspondence between simulated and measured values, R2=0.47. The variability of the index is better explained by hydrological variables than by the position along the catena. The model sensitivity evaluated with a precipitation gradient (200-1,200 mm yr-1) showed a maximum CDF for intermediate precipitation values of 800 mm yr-1.Los cinco factores formadores del suelo descritos por Jenny en 1941: clima, relieve, actividad biológica, litología y tiempo, dependen del agua. Su degradación, especialmente debida a la pérdida por erosión, es uno de los graves problemas a los que se enfrenta la humanidad para su subsistencia en el planeta. Por ello, no solo hay que conservar el suelo, sino que es necesario conocerlo más bien para mejorarlo, y, en particular, para estimular los procesos formadores, y de ahí el papel relevante del agua. En esta tesis se analiza la evolución de la humedad del suelo durante un cierto periodo de tiempo en una zona en la que se ha detectado una meteorización intensa de rocas de granito en la Sierra Morena. Se han estudiado los procesos hidrológicos de una cuenca formada sobre material granítico situada en el término municipal de Cardeña (Córdoba, España), que vierte al arroyo Martín Gonzalo afluente del Río Guadalquivir en su margen derecha. Se instaló una red sensores en campo, con sistema de transferencia de datos GPRS para la determinación de la dinámica de humedad y la temperatura del suelo, en unas laderas que convergen en el cauce del arroyo mencionado, una orientada hacia el norte y otra hacia al sur, para discernir el efecto de la distinta insolación sobre ellas. Se ha medido, también, la variación de la profundidad de la capa freática que hay en la ladera orientada hacia el norte. Finalmente, se ha explorado la formación de suelo con un modelo unidimensional en él se combinan procesos físicos y químicos de meteorización. La humedad del suelo sigue trayectorias muy similares entre ambas laderas tanto ella como la vegetación estimada por el índice de vegetación diferencial normalizado (NDVI) muestran diferencias notables. La vegetación absorbe agua de distintas zonas tanto del suelo como del resto de la franja de la zona vadosa, lo que algunos llaman la ‘humedad de la roca’. La temperatura puede indicar la variación de la humedad del suelo. El nivel piezométrico del acuífero somero responde de forma rápida a la recarga generada por los diversos chubascos. Por último, la simulación de la formación del suelo a través del índice CDF, usando el modelo SoilGen, muestra una buena correspondencia entre valores medidos y simulados, R2=0.47. La variabilidad del índice depende en mayor medida de la hidrología que de la topografía

Assessment of soil redistribution rates in a Mediterranean olive orchard in South Spain using two approaches: 239+240Pu and soil erosion modelling

Soil redistribution by water and tillage soil erosion has a profound effect on the spatial variability of soil security indicators. In this study, we assess the potential of estimating long-term soil redistribution rates across a Mediterranean olive orchard catchment using two methods: 239+240Pu and the WaTEM/SEDEM model. Additionally, we identify potential sources of uncertainty explain result discrepancies, and offer guidance for reducing uncertainty. Soil sampling points were taken both in the inter-row areas and below the tree canopies and 239+240Pu inventories were converted into soil redistribution rates using MODERN. Sediment yield data measured in the catchment outlet is used to calibrate WaTEM/SEDEM. The results show a poor agreement between both methods. In this sense, these results indicate that both methods are considerably affected by several sources of uncertainty, both inherent to the methods themselves and related to the specific conditions of the study area. The latter are mainly related to anthropogenic changes in the soil surface related to soil tillage and rill filling practices and an important past land leveling effect. Despite the discrepancies, both methods convey a similar overarching message: soil security and olive production can be highly threatened in the Mediterranean in the next decades. This study demonstrates the potential advantages of combining FRN-based estimates and model simulations and highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate study area in this type of studies and the need to recognize associated uncertainties when estimating soil redistribution rates, whether employing FRN-based or modelling methods

Safety and efficacy of intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke in Spain (IBIS trial): a phase 2, randomised, open-label, standard-of-care controlled, multicentre trial

[Background] Pilot clinical trials have shown the safety of intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) in stroke. However, the efficacy of different doses of intra-arterial BMMNCs in patients with acute stroke has not been tested in a randomised clinical trial. We aimed to show safety and efficacy of two different doses of autologous intra-arterial BMMNC transplantation in patients with acute stroke.[Methods] The IBIS trial was a multicentre phase 2, randomised, controlled, investigator-initiated, assessor-blinded, clinical trial, in four stroke centres in Spain. We included patients (aged 18–80 years) with a non-lacunar, middle cerebral artery ischaemic stroke within 1–7 days from stroke onset and with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 6–20. We randomly assigned patients (2:1:1) with a computer-generated randomisation sequence to standard of care (control group) or intra-arterial injection of autologous BMMNCs at one of two different doses (2 × 106 BMMNCs/kg or 5 × 106 BMMNCs/kg). The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients with modified Rankin Scale scores of 0–2 at 180 days in the intention-to-treat population, comparing each BMMNC dose group and the pooled BMMNC group versus the control group. The primary safety endpoint was the proportion of serious adverse events. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02178657 and is completed.[Findings] Between April 1, 2015, and May 20, 2021, we assessed 114 patients for eligibility. We randomly assigned 77 (68%) patients: 38 (49%) to the control group, 20 (26%) to the low-dose BMMNC group, and 19 (25%) the high-dose BMMNC group. The mean age of participants was 62·4 years (SD 12·7), 46 (60%) were men, 31 (40%) were women, all were White, and 63 (82%) received thrombectomy. The median NIHSS score before randomisation was 12 (IQR 9–15), with intra-arterial BMMNC injection done a median of 6 days (4–7) after stroke onset. The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 14 (39%) patients in the control group versus ten (50%) in the low-dose group (adjusted odds ratio 2·08 [95% CI 0·55–7·85]; p=0·28), eight (44%) in the high-dose group (1·89 [0·52–6·96]; p=0·33), and 18 (47%) in the pooled BMMNC group (2·22 [0·72–6·85]; p=0·16). We found no differences in the proportion of patients who had adverse events or dose-related events, but two patients had a groin haematoma after cell injection in the low-dose BMMNC group.[Interpretation] Intra-arterial BMMNCs were safe in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, but we found no significant improvement at 180 days on the mRS. Further clinical trials are warranted to investigate whether improvements might be possible at different timepoints.The Andalusian Network for the Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies through the Andalusian Progress and Health Public Foundation is the study sponsor. We acknowledge all the participants of the trial and the investigators. We thank the funding bodies Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the projects PI18/01414, PI15/01197, RD16/0019/0015 (INVICTUS+), and RD21/0006/0015 (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund “A way to make Europe” and by the European Social Fund [FSE] “The FSE invests in your future”), Mutua Madrileña grant, and the Regional Ministry of Health of Andalusia, who financed the costs incurred by participating hospitals and the Andalusian Network for the Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies through the Andalusian Progress and Health Public Foundation. MM-R has a Rio Hortega grant (CM21/00096). We acknowledge the Methodological and Statistical Support Unit from the Andalusian Public Foundation for Health Research Management in Seville (FISEVI) for their support in the statistical analysis.Peer reviewe

Modelling the effect of catena position and hydrology on soil chemical weathering

The sensitivity of chemical weathering to climatic and erosional forcing is well established at regional scales. However, soil formation is known to vary strongly along catenas where topography, hydrology, and vegetation cause differences in soil properties and, possibly, chemical weathering. This study applies the SoilGen model to evaluate the link between the topographic position and hydrology with the chemical weathering of soil profiles on a north-south catena in southern Spain. We simulated soil formation in seven selected locations over a 20 000-year period and compared it against field measurements. There was good agreement between simulated and measured chemical depletion fraction (CDF; R-2 = 0.47). An important variation in CDF values along the catena was observed that is better explained by the hydrological variables than by the position along the catena alone or by the slope gradient. A positive trend between CDF data and soil moisture and infiltration and a negative trend with water residence time was found. This implies that these hydrological variables are good predictors of the variability in soil properties. The model sensitivity was evaluated with a large precipitation gradient (200-1200 mm yr(-1)). The model results show an increase in the chemical weathering of the profiles up to a mean annual precipitation value of 800 mm yr(-1), after which it drops again. A marked depth gradient was obtained for CDF up to 800 mm yr(-1), and a uniform depth distribution was obtained with precipitation above this threshold. This threshold reflects a change in behaviour, where the higher soil moisture and infiltration lead to shorter water transit times and decreased weathering. Interestingly, this corroborates similar findings on the relation of other soil properties to precipitation and should be explored in further research

Assessment of soil redistribution rates in a Mediterranean olive orchard in South Spain using two approaches: 239+240Pu and soil erosion modelling

Soil redistribution by water and tillage soil erosion has a profound effect on the spatial variability of soil security indicators. In this study, we assess the potential of estimating long-term soil redistribution rates across a Mediterranean olive orchard catchment using two methods: 239+240Pu and the WaTEM/SEDEM model. Additionally, we identify potential sources of uncertainty explain result discrepancies, and offer guidance for reducing uncertainty. Soil sampling points were taken both in the inter-row areas and below the tree canopies and 239+240Pu inventories were converted into soil redistribution rates using MODERN. Sediment yield data measured in the catchment outlet is used to calibrate WaTEM/SEDEM. The results show a poor agreement between both methods. In this sense, these results indicate that both methods are considerably affected by several sources of uncertainty, both inherent to the methods themselves and related to the specific conditions of the study area. The latter are mainly related to anthropogenic changes in the soil surface related to soil tillage and rill filling practices and an important past land leveling effect. Despite the discrepancies, both methods convey a similar overarching message: soil security and olive production can be highly threatened in the Mediterranean in the next decades. This study demonstrates the potential advantages of combining FRN-based estimates and model simulations and highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate study area in this type of studies and the need to recognize associated uncertainties when estimating soil redistribution rates, whether employing FRN-based or modelling methods

A comparison of 210Pbxs, 137Cs, and Pu isotopes as proxies of soil redistribution in South Spain under severe erosion conditions

Licencia CC BY 4.0Purpose The use of fallout radionuclides as proxies for the study of soil redistribution processes in semiarid environments of Southern Spain has been restricted to 137Cs. The potential and limitations of alternative proxies such as 239+240Pu and 210Pbxs should be explored given the expected constrains imposed by the features of the study area. Materials and methods Four soil and one sediment cores were collected in a highly eroded area to test the feasibility of these proxies under demanding conditions. The use of gamma spectrometry and ICP-MS did allow exploring the potential of 210Pbxs and Pu isotopes against the well-established tracer, 137Cs. The activity ratios 239+240Pu/137Cs were explored to evaluate the previous evolution of the sampling sites. Soil redistribution rates were estimated using the model MODERN. Results and discussion Despite all the profles showed intense perturbation, Pu isotopes showed the highest potential thanks to higher sensitivity and sample throughput. The deviations of 239+240Pu/137Cs inventory ratios (0.012–0.158) from the global fallout average (0.026±0.003) suggest that the sediment core was a deposition site involving alternate episodes of topsoil removal and incorporation from diferent sources. The calculated erosion rates ranged 34–43 t ha−1 year−1, being in good agreement for 137Cs and 239+240Pu. 210Pbxs was not used due to low-quality data. Conclusions The use of Pu as a tracer of soil redistribution processes in semiarid areas seems to be promising even under severe erosion conditions. The use of 210Pbxs is not recommended in this area due to its low concentration

El castillo de Consuegra y su alfoz

Resumen basado en el del proyecto. Premiado en la convocatoria: Premios para proyectos de innovación concluidos durante el curso 2007-2008, en los centros educativos no universitarios sostenidos con fondos públicos de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha (Orden 12-12-2008, de la Consejería de Educación y Ciencia de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. Resolución de 5-5-2009, de la Viceconsejería de Educación)El proyecto pretende favorecer líneas de innovación educativa que logren implicar al alumnado y profesorado en el conocimiento de su entorno, el desarrollo de valores, la mejora de los procedimientos, el desarrollo de la competencia lingüística y el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Se da a conocer toda una comarca, el antiguo 'Campo de San Juan', que incluía un vasto territorio controlado por la Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén desde el s. XII, con sede en el castillo de Consuegra, y revalorizar los aspectos básicos del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural de la comarca. Otros objetivos que se persiguen son: comprender y expresar con corrección las conclusiones de la investigación, animando a la lectura como fuente de conocimiento y divertimento; utilizar el conocimiento matemático para identificar los problemas en diversos campos de conocimiento y de la experiencia, para su resolución y para la toma de decisiones; adquirir destrezas y habilidades a partir de conocimientos teóricos; recopilar una memoria fotográfica relacionada con el estudio; respetar la creación musical, identificando y analizando los mensajes que contiene el lenguaje de las distintas manifestaciones musicales (cantigas y folklore popular); utilizar la práctica del deporte para favorecer el desarrollo en lo personal y social, junto a la adquisición de hábitos saludables; utilizar la competencia comunicativa para comprender y expresarse en otros idiomas; confeccionar un proyecto empresarial para la explotación económica del castillo; utilizar los recursos naturales de forma eficaz, respetando el desarrollo sostenible; afianzar el sentido del trabajo en equipo y valorar las perspectivas, experiencias y formas de pensar de los demás, potenciando las relaciones dentro y fuera del contexto educativo como mecanismo de enriquecimiento personal.Castilla La ManchaConsejería de Educación, Ciencia y Cultura. Viceconsejería de Educación y Cultura. Servicio de Documentación; Bulevar del Río Alberche, s. n. - 1 Planta; 45071 Toledo; Tel. +34925286045; Fax +34925247410; [email protected]

Filosofía, Feminismo y Ficción: identidades narrativas en mundos analógicos y virtuales

Memoria del Proyecto de Innovación Educativa 7/23-24 "Filosofía, Feminismo y Ficción: identidades narrativas en mundos analógicos y virtuales", desarrollado en tres ejes: implementación de formatos audiovisuales, teatrales y multimedia en la docencia, difusión de contenidos y trabajo interno sobre la identidad personal.Depto. de Lógica y Filosofía TeóricaFac. de FilosofíaFac. de Ciencias de la InformaciónFac. de FilologíaFALSEsubmitte

Successful Optimization of Adalimumab Therapy in Refractory Uveitis Due to Behçet's Disease.

To assess efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of adalimumab (ADA) therapy optimization in a large series of patients with uveitis due to Behçet disease (BD) who achieved remission after the use of this biologic agent. Open-label multicenter study of ADA-treated patients with BD uveitis refractory to conventional immunosuppressants. Sixty-five of 74 patients with uveitis due to BD, who achieved remission after a median ADA duration of 6 (range, 3-12) months. ADA was optimized in 23 (35.4%) of them. This biologic agent was maintained at a dose of 40 mg/subcutaneously/2 weeks in the remaining 42 patients. After remission, based on a shared decision between the patient and the treating physician, ADA was optimized. When agreement between patient and physician was reached, optimization was performed by prolonging the ADA dosing interval progressively. Comparison between optimized and nonoptimized patients was performed. Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness in optimized and nonoptimized groups. To determine efficacy, intraocular inflammation (anterior chamber cells, vitritis, and retinal vasculitis), macular thickness, visual acuity, and the sparing effect of glucocorticoids were assessed. No demographic or ocular differences were found at the time of ADA onset between the optimized and the nonoptimized groups. Most ocular outcomes were similar after a mean ± standard deviation follow-up of 34.7±13.3 and 26±21.3 months in the optimized and nonoptimized groups, respectively. However, relevant adverse effects were only seen in the nonoptimized group (lymphoma, pneumonia, severe local reaction at the injection site, and bacteremia by Escherichia coli, 1 each). Moreover, the mean ADA treatment costs were lower in the optimized group than in the nonoptimized group (6101.25 euros/patient/year vs. 12 339.48; P ADA optimization in BD uveitis refractory to conventional therapy is effective, safe, and cost-effective

Comparative Study of Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in Refractory Uveitis due to Behçet's Disease: National Multicenter Study of 177 Cases.

To compare the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) versus adalimumab (ADA) as a first-line biologic drug over 1 year of treatment in a large series of patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD). We conducted an open-label multicenter study of IFX versus ADA for BD-related uveitis refractory to conventional nonbiologic treatment. IFX or ADA was chosen as the first-line biologic agent based on physician and patient agreement. Patients received 3-5 mg/kg intravenous IFX at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and every 4-8 weeks thereafter, or 40 mg subcutaneous ADA every other week without a loading dose. Ocular parameters were compared between the 2 groups. The study included 177 patients (316 affected eyes), of whom 103 received IFX and 74 received ADA. There were no significant baseline differences between treatment groups in main demographic features, previous therapy, or ocular sign severity. After 1 year of therapy, we observed an improvement in all ocular parameters in both groups. However, patients receiving ADA had significantly better outcomes in some parameters, including improvement in anterior chamber inflammation (92.31% versus 78.18% for IFX; P = 0.06), improvement in vitritis (93.33% versus 78.95% for IFX; P = 0.04), and best-corrected visual acuity (mean ± SD 0.81 ± 0.26 versus 0.67 ± 0.34 for IFX; P = 0.001). A nonsignificant difference was seen for macular thickness (mean ± SD 250.62 ± 36.85 for ADA versus 264.89 ± 59.74 for IFX; P = 0.15), and improvement in retinal vasculitis was similar between the 2 groups (95% for ADA versus 97% for IFX; P = 0.28). The drug retention rate was higher in the ADA group (95.24% versus 84.95% for IFX; P = 0.042). Although both IFX and ADA are efficacious in refractory BD-related uveitis, ADA appears to be associated with better outcomes than IFX after 1 year of follow-up