Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Control de la roya blanca (Puccinia horiana Henn.) en crisantemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) variedad Spider

The research was conducted to test the fungicide effect of three preventive and six curative products on a chrysanthemum variety susceptible to the white rust, as Spider. The flowers were planted in a rustic greenhouse at the Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas (UAEM). Toluca, México. The experiment was carried out in a three randomized block design with ten treatments and three repetitions. The incidence and the level of damage caused by the disease were evaluated in order to know the degree of pathogen control of the products that were used. Other evaluated traits were the length and diameter of the stem (cm) and the diameter of the flower (cm). The results showed that Miclobutanyl (1 g/ l) applied every two weeks, Tebuconazole (0.5 ml/l) and Bromoconazole (1.5 g/l) in weekly applications were highly effective to control the pathogen. In general, all treatments diminished the school length in relation to the control; likewise, their influence on the major or minor diameter of shoots and flower were attributed to the grade of white rust's control and/or to the secondary effect of the active ingredient of the utilized products.

Control de la roya blanca (Puccinia horiana Henn.) en crisantemo (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) variedad Spider

Se evalúo la acción fungicida de tres productos preventivos y seis curativos en una variedad de crisantemo muy susceptible a la roya blanca como lo es Spider. La plantación se estableció en un invernadero rústico, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con 10 traramientos y 3 repeticiones. Se determina el porcentaje de incidencia de la enfermedad y su nivel de daño en la planta, como un amedida de control ejercido por los productos probados

Estudio de la resistencia a la roya blanca (Puccinia horiana Henn.) de 18 variedades de crisantemo (Dchrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) en dos localidades del Estado de México

The white Rust of Chrysanthemum caused by the Puccinia Horiana Heno, is a disease so aggressive that it has given occasion to a number of international prohibitions and resirictions in all the countries where it exists, as in  México.These control measures have causes heavy economic losses among producers and distributors, and for that reason it is of crucial importance that control strategies including the generation of information concerning its degree of resistance are developed.In the present study the susceplibility and resistance of eighteen varieties of Chrysanthemum P. Horiana (sixteen varieties  introduced from outside, and two regional varieties) in two contrasting localities in the State of México was  evaluated. One of the hypothesis to be proved was that at least one of the eighteen varieties under study was immune (totally resistant) and the conditlons of growing (periodic irrigation) determined the intensity of the disease.

Estudio de la resistencia a la roya blanca (Puccinia horiana Henn.) de 18 variedades de crisantemo (Dchrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) en dos localidades del Estado de México

Se valoró la susceptibilidad de resistencia de 18 variedades de crisantemo a P. horiana en dos localidades contrastantes del Estado de México. Las hipótesis a probar supusieron que al menos una de las 18 variedades estudiadas era inmune y que las condiciones de manejo del cultivo eran determinantes en la intensidad de la enfermedad