¿Puede existir inconstitucionalidad en las normas reformatorias de la Constitución? La justicia constitucional y la validez de las normas jurídicas superiores

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción.- 2. La justicia constitucional y el control de una reforma a la Constitución: A. Estados Unidos de América. B. Colombia. Estados Unidos Mexicanos.- 3. Los modelos que justifican la procedencia del control de constitucionalidad. A. El modelo del control de todas las normas del sistema. B. El modelo del control relativo de las normas del sistema. C. El modelo del control «coordinado» de las normas del sistema.Publicad

Acorns for fattening free-range pigs (OK-Net Ecofeed Practice Abstract)

- The fattening performance is very much influenced by the age of pigs and their compensatory growth; hence, pigs should be as old as possible (≥1 year) and adapted to grazing. - Grass is necessary as a source of protein to compensate for the low protein levels in acorns. - The food conversion rate is 10.5 kg of whole acorns of Q. i. rotundifolia to gain 1 kg, besides the contribution of grass; to establish the stocking rate, consider that an adult evergreen oak produces ≈11 kg of acorns/year). - Iberian pigs peel acorns to avoid the high content of tannins in the shell. However, during peeling, approxi-mately 20% of the kernel can be wasted

Assessment of the Sustainability of Extensive Livestock Farms on the Common Grasslands of the Natural Park Sierra de Grazalema

The communal pastures of the Natural Park Sierra de Grazalema are grazed by a total of 23 extensive herds, of which 75% are certified as organic, although only 39% are subsidized for being organic. In a previous research work, these farms were characterized and classified into four typologies: group 1 (farms of intermediate size and without sheep), group 2 (large and very extensive farms), group 3 (farms with sheep suitable for both meat and milk) and group 4 (farms with dairy goat milk and without cattle). In this article, the sustainability of these farms is evaluated and compared based on their organic orientation (whether they are organic or conventional) and their typology (the four typologies indicated), as a tool for decision-making in the management of this natural protected area. To do so, 49 sustainability indexes have been generated, grouped into five attributes: adaptability, self-management, equity, stability, and productivity. The results indicate that, at the global level, there are no significant differences in sustainability between the organic and conventional farms studied. In contrast, depending on the typologies, the results indicate that group 3 is the most sustainable, followed by groups 1 and 4, with group 2 being the one with the lowest level of sustainability. Taking into account that there are a reduced number of herds grazing in this natural park, it is essential to solve the weaknesses of these farms in order to guarantee that they continue to maintain environmental equilibrium in the grasslands

Adaptation of the Electric Machines Learning Process to the European Higher, Education Area

In this paper the basic lines of a complete teaching methodology that has been developed to adaptthe electric machines learning process to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) arepresented. New teaching materials that are specific to Electric Machines have been created(textbooks, self-learning e-books, guidelines for achieving teamwork research, etc.). Working ingroups has been promoted, as well as problem solving and self-learning exercises, all of which areevaluated in a way that encourages students' participation. Finally, the students' learning process inthe lab has been improved by the development both of a new methodology to follow in the lab andnew workbenches with industrial machines that are easier to use and also enable the labexperiments to be automated. Finally, the first results obtained as a result of applying the proposedmethodology are presented

A Typological Characterization of Organic Livestock Farms in the Natural Park Sierra de Grazalema Based on Technical and Economic Variables

This paper describes the typological characterization of the Natural Park Sierra de Grazalema (NPSG) livestock farms using its communal pastures (N = 23, 100% of population) in order to study their sustainability from 160 technical, economic and social variables (from direct on-farm data collection). A principal components analysis (PCA) produced four principal components related to size, livestock species, main productions and intensification level, explaining 73.6% of the variance. The subsequent cluster analysis classified the farms into four groups: C1 (medium size farms without sheep), C2 (large size and very extensive farms), C3 (farms with multipurpose sheep) and C4 (farms with dairy goat and without cattle). Forty-eight-point-seven percent of the surface was registered as organic but none of the farms’ commercialized products were organic. C2 and C3 (both having three ruminant species) are those farms that have more economic differences, the former generating the lowest profit, and the latter generating the highest; however, there is a risk to grasslands conservation from the current tendency that leads dairy farms to rapid intensification. Nevertheless, the very extensive farms are the most interesting for NPSG conservation and the administration should help to maintain the profitability of this sustainable traditional activity, which is necessary to conserve communal pastures

Promoción de la legalidad ambiental proyecto – intervención “concéntrate con las sanciones ambientales”

En las 14 Direcciones Regionales que hace presencia la CAR (Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca) se ha presentado un inadecuado uso de los recursos naturales, generando problemas con las comunidades frente al marco normativo de Las Sanciones Ambientales, por no cumplir con lo establecido frente a los trámites y permisos que la CAR otorga para cada uso específico Ambiental. Es por esto, que en el presente proyecto se hace énfasis a la importancia de la educación ambiental a las comunidades como un proceso constante a un conocimiento pensativo y crítico de la realidad social, institucional, económica y cultural; lo que permite al interesado comprender las relaciones de su entorno y pueda generar tanto en él como a su comunidad, acciones de valor y respeto por sus recursos naturales. En este orden de ideas, la educación ambiental debe aplicarse y desarrollarse como un procedimiento de educación continua que puede darse en contexto diferente: comunidad educativa, comunidad en general, por parte de direcciones que complemente la educación de planes, programas y proyectos de desarrollo, entre otros, por lo que cualquier acción del marco de la educación ambiental debe considerarse los diferentes puntos de vista que influyen en los conflictos, sin olvidar los aspectos sociales, culturales y económicos, enfocados en las Tres ‘’I’’ las cuales son: la intercultural, interdisciplinario e interinstitucional. Partiendo de lo anterior, dentro del Régimen Sancionatorio Ambiental denominado ‘’CONCENTATE CON LAS SANCIONES AMBIENTALES’’ las actividades que se desarrollaron durante la pasantía son la de acompañamiento y colaboración para el aprendizaje y conocimiento en las diversas actividades y talleres que se presente en el transcurso de los mismos.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 1.1 Descripción del problema 1.2 Alternativas de la solución de la problemática 2. OBJETIVOS 2.1 Objetivo general 2.2 Objetivos específicos 3. JUSTIFICACION,DELIMITACION Y LIMITACION 3.1 Justificación 3.2 Delimitación 3.3 Limitación 4. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 4.1 Marco legal 4.2 Marco histórico 5. METODOLOGIA DE TRABAJO 5.1 Proceso de Divulgación y Convocatoria 5.2 Realización de Talleres a) Introducción de los talleres b) Desarrollo c) Actividades lúdicas 6. JORNADAS AMBIENTALES 7. ORGANIZACIÓN Y LOGISTICA 7.1 Recursos Humanos 7.2 Recurso Físico 7.3 Recursos institucionales 7.4 Recurso Infraestructura 8. PLAN DE TRABAJO 9. CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES 10. PRESUPUESTO 11. DIAGNOSTICO DE EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL (HUELLA AMBIENTAL) 11.1 Taller Huella Ambiental Bogotá D.C 11.2 Taller Huella Ambiental Fusagasugá Cundinamarca 12. DIAGNOSTICO DE EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL (PROMOCIÓN DE LA LEGALIDAD)- FUSAGASUGA CUNDINAMARCA. 12.1 Primer taller teórico practico 12.2 Segundo taller teórico practico 12.3 Tercer taller acompañamiento 12.4 Cuarto taller acompañamiento 12.5 Quinto taller teórico practico 12.6 Sexto taller acompañamiento 13. CLAUSURA PROMOCION DE LA LEGALIDAD Y HUELLA AMBIENTAL 14. CONCLUCIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 15. BIBLIOGRAFIA 16. ANEXOSPregradoTecnólogo en Desarrollo AmbientalTecnología en Desarrollo Ambienta

Deep-Learning-Based Computer- Aided Systems for Breast Cancer Imaging: A Critical Review

[EN] This paper provides a critical review of the literature on deep learning applications in breast tumor diagnosis using ultrasound and mammography images. It also summarizes recent advances in computer-aided diagnosis/detection (CAD) systems, which make use of new deep learning methods to automatically recognize breast images and improve the accuracy of diagnoses made by radiologists. This review is based upon published literature in the past decade (January 2010-January 2020), where we obtained around 250 research articles, and after an eligibility process, 59 articles were presented in more detail. The main findings in the classification process revealed that new DL-CAD methods are useful and effective screening tools for breast cancer, thus reducing the need for manual feature extraction. The breast tumor research community can utilize this survey as a basis for their current and future studies.This project has been co-financed by the Spanish Government Grant PID2019-107790RB-C22, "Software development for a continuous PET crystal systems applied to breast cancer".Jiménez-Gaona, Y.; Rodríguez Álvarez, MJ.; Lakshminarayanan, V. (2020). Deep-Learning-Based Computer- Aided Systems for Breast Cancer Imaging: A Critical Review. Applied Sciences. 10(22):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228298S1291022Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61(2), 69-90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107Gao, F., Chia, K.-S., Ng, F.-C., Ng, E.-H., & Machin, D. (2002). Interval cancers following breast cancer screening in Singaporean women. International Journal of Cancer, 101(5), 475-479. doi:10.1002/ijc.10636Munir, K., Elahi, H., Ayub, A., Frezza, F., & Rizzi, A. (2019). 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