W świecie nawiązań: o czytaniu Madame Antoniego Libery

The article is an attempt to identify and explain the various types of references presented in Madame by Antoni Libera, as well as reflections about the model of novel proposed by this writer. The subject is, on the one hand, the theoretican’s opinions about the phenomenon of intertextuality and, on the other, the reader’s and critic’s reactions to the book which requires involved reading. A main tool used by authorness is Gérard Genette’s transtextological typology. This conception raises the doubts of many researchers due to the separation of paratexuality and metatextuality, but in the context of multilevel dialogue in Libera’s book seems to be extremely helpful and allows to recognize the network of textual references which are important to the recipient of the novel. Furthermore, in the discussion about the intertextuality or transtextuality, the role of intersemiotic references – forgotten by Genette – is underlined.Artykuł jest próbą wskazania i wyjaśnienia różnego typu nawiązań obecnych w Madame Antoniego Libery, a także refleksją nad modelem powieści zaproponowanym przez pisarza. Punkt odniesienia stanowią z jednej strony ustalenia teoretyków zajmujących się zjawiskiem intertekstualności, z drugiej zaś reakcje czytelnicze i głosy krytyki. Jako narzędzie obrana została typologia transtekstualności Gérarda Genette’a, która budzi wątpliwości wielu badaczy ze względu na wydzielenie zjawisk paratekstualności i metatekstualności, jednak w kontekście wielopoziomowej dialogiczności dzieła Libery wydaje się niezwykle pomocna i pozwala szerzej spojrzeć na sieć nawiązań tekstowych ważnych dla odbiorcy powieści. Jednocześnie jednak w dyskusji nad zjawiskiem intertekstualności czy też transtekstualności podkreślona została waga pominiętych przez Genette’a nawiązań o charakterze intersemiotycznym, bez uwzględnienia których nie sposób w pełni odczytać powieść Libery

Age diversity management : conceptual and application approach

PURPOSE: The main aim of the article is to present the concept of diversity management due to age and selected results of own research on this idea. The choice of the area of interest results from the fact that over the last several decades, both the population and the labor force are aging. Such a situation may lead to a reduction in the total number of people employed, investments through a decrease in savings, and an increase in pressure on the pension system and the state budget.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: 63 SMEs from the Poznań poviat of the Wielkopolska voivodship, operating in a strictly defined industry, participated in the study. In addition, enterprises should employ a minimum of 5 people up to 50 and a minimum of 5 over 50 years of age. The survey was carried out using the CATI and PAPI methods.FINDINGS: Based on the survey, it can be indicated that most SMEs in the analyzed area do not have an age management system in place, but their operation takes into account the needs of older people.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is extremely important to encourage enterprises through training and funding to implement an age management system, especially when a selected group of respondents (people 50+) indicate numerous practical benefits for the employee, company, economy, and society.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The originality of the work is to check to what extent the surveyed SMEs, although informally (in the form of procedures), consider the needs of older people in the basic areas of the concept of age management. The article also indicates how actions can be improved on those issues where respondents considered the efforts of business owners to be insufficient.peer-reviewe

Social capital in concept of intelligent organisation, as exemplified by food sector SMEs in selected districts of Wielkopolskie region

W dobie nieustannych procesów globalizacyjnych, a tym samym wzrostu nieprzewidywalności zachodzących zjawisk na znaczeniu nabiera koncepcja organizacji inteligentnej, opartej na inteligencji zasobów ludzkich. Jednak w celu efektywnego wykorzystania wiedzy, umiejętności oraz doświadczenia poszczególnych pracowników, a więc transferu wiedzy, niezbędne staje się uwzględnienie także kapitału społecznego, reprezentowanego m.in. przez takie zasoby, jak: zaufanie, lojalność czy wiarygodność. W związku z tym,głównym celem artykułu jest wskazanie znaczenia kapitału społecznego dla przedsiębiorczości intelektualnej. Jego uwzględnienie wiąże się z możliwością uzyskania nowych przewag konkurencyjnych, takich jak: informacyjna, innowacyjna czy komunikacyjna.Due to the ongoing globalisation of the markets, and thus increasing unpredictability of the business environment, the concept of intelligent organisation based on the intelligence of human resources is gaining significance. However, in order to effectively use the knowledge, skills and experience of individual employees, and to transfer knowledge, it has become necessary to also take into account the social capital represented by such resources as trust, loyalty and credibility. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to prove the significance of social capital for intellectual entrepreneurship. Business entities which take social capital into consideration might count on gaining new competitive advantages, associated, e.g., with information, innovation or [email protected] Małgorzata Gajowiak – Wydział Inżynierii Zarządzania, Politechnika Poznańsk

Mice Overexpressing Both Non-Mutated Human SOD1 and Mutated SOD1G93A Genes: A Competent Experimental Model for Studying Iron Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. Up to 10% of ALS cases are inherited (familial, fALS) and associated with mutations, frequently in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Rodent transgenic models of ALS are often used to elucidate a complex pathogenesis of this disease. Of importance, both ALS patients and animals carrying mutated human SOD1 gene show symptoms of oxidative stress and iron metabolism misregulation. The aim of our study was to characterize changes in iron metabolism in one of the most commonly used models of ALS – transgenic mice overexpressing human mutated SOD1G93A gene. We analyzed the expression of iron-related genes in asymptomatic, 2-month old and symptomatic, 4-month old SOD1G93A mice. In parallel, respective age-matched mice overexpressing human non-mutated SOD1 transgene and control mice were analyzed. We demonstrate that the overexpression of both SOD1 and SOD1G93A genes account for a substantial increase in SOD1 protein levels and activity in selected tissues and that not all the changes in iron metabolism genes expression are specific for the overexpression of the mutated form of SOD1

The Specifics of the Internationalization Process of Czech SMEs in the Food Industry

The aim of this paper is to define the specifics of the internationalization process of Czech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food industry. The food industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the EU which consists mainly of SMEs. However, in the Czech Republic it has to face increasing imports of foreign food products because of growing globalization, while exports lag behind. Thus, enterprises should be encouraged to internationalize in a greater extent to maintain their competitiveness. The paper explores the main motives, barriers and risks involved in internationalization as perceived by these enterprises. The results are based on primary data obtained by questionnaire surveys performed among Czech food industry SMEs, thus it is based on data about SME's real experiences and perception of interntaionalization process. According to our results, Czech SMEs from food industry are driven to internationalize mainly by their efforts to grow or by unsolicited foreign demand for their product. However, as the biggest barriers are perceived those connected with the lack of knowledge about foreign market and administrative requirements. The identified motives and barriers are compared with results of similar researches from Slovakia and Poland. Moreover, the results of Czech SMEs risk perception in internationalization are depicted in risk matrix which assess not only the effect of risk but also the possibility of its occurrence.O

Urinary hepcidin levels in iron-deficient and iron-supplemented piglets correlate with hepcidin hepatic mRNA and serum levels and with body iron status

Among livestock, domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is a species, in which iron metabolism has been most intensively examined during last decade. The obvious reason for studying the regulation of iron homeostasis especially in young pigs is neonatal iron deficiency anemia commonly occurring in these animals. Moreover, supplementation of essentially all commercially reared piglets with iron entails a need for monitoring the efficacy of this routine practice followed in the swine industry for several decades. Since the discovery of hepcidin many studies confirmed its role as key regulator of iron metabolism and pointed out the assessment of its concentrations in biological fluids as diagnostic tool for iron-related disorder. Here we demonstrate that urine hepcidin-25 levels measured by a combination of weak cation exchange chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (WCX-TOF MS) are highly correlated with mRNA hepcidin expression in the liver and plasma hepcidin-25 concentrations in anemic and iron-supplemented 28-day old piglets. We also found a high correlation between urine hepcidin level and hepatic non-heme iron content. Our results show that similarly to previously described transgenic mouse models of iron disorders, young pigs constitute a convenient animal model to explore accuracy and relationship between indicators for assessing systemic iron status

New links between SOD1 and metabolic dysfunction from a yeast model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A number of genes have been linked to familial forms of the fatal motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Over 150 mutations within the gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) have been implicated in ALS, but why such mutations lead to ALS-associated cellular dysfunction is unclear. In this study, we identify how ALS-linked SOD1 mutations lead to changes in the cellular health of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae We find that it is not the accumulation of aggregates but the loss of Sod1 protein stability that drives cellular dysfunction. The toxic effect of Sod1 instability does not correlate with a loss of mitochondrial function or increased production of reactive oxygen species, but instead prevents acidification of the vacuole, perturbs metabolic regulation and promotes senescence. Central to the toxic gain-of-function seen with the SOD1 mutants examined was an inability to regulate amino acid biosynthesis. We also report that leucine supplementation results in an improvement in motor function in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of ALS. Our data suggest that metabolic dysfunction plays an important role in Sod1-mediated toxicity in both the yeast and worm models of ALS

Laura Pytlińska and the Actor's Craft of Her Time

The article is concerned with an actress who unjustly remained in the shadow of great actresses of the Young Poland period. Laura Pytlińska, as it is she who the article is about, was the youngest daughter of Maria and Jarosław Konopnickis. She was born in Bronowo in 1872. Her mother brought her and her five siblings up alone. From the moment she parted with her husband and moved to Warsaw she struggled hard to secure a better future for her children than she herself experienced. The actress was an unusual person, and a fascinating personality in the history of the Polish theatre, although she has been neglected by researchers dealing with the domain of art to which she devoted herself without reservations. She started as an amateur in one of the two companies of the Society of Drama Lovers in Warsaw directed by Marian Gawalewicz. Her real début took part in the Lvov theatre on 21 September 1905, where owing to Tadeusz Pawlikowski she acted in Warszawianka under the pseudonym of Maria Zawiejska, as a replacement for the absent H. Modrzejewska, and then I. Solska and W. Siemaszkowa. After the Lvov period she moved to Cracow. In the Juliusz Słowacki City Theatre for the first time she appeared on 8 May 1911 in the same role, and then she stayed in the company until 1916. She spent the season 1917/1918 in the Polish Theatre in Warsaw and the year 1918 in the Variety Theatre. She worked in the Praga Theatre in 1920/21 and in the Mask Theatre in 1921/22. The stage of the City Theatre in Łódź where she spent the season 1923/24 was the last part of her theatrical career. Laura belonged to the company in which there were outstanding actors. She replaced well-known and loved actresses, which undoubtedly put her in a disadvantageous situation. However, owing to her great talent, intelligence and naturalness she gained the favor of many audiences. She proved her versatility by appearing in various dramas and playing both well-known and untypical roles

Small and medium enterprises from food sector located in chosen regions of Wielkopolska in internationalization process

W erze globalizacji niemal wszystkich dziedzin życia, przedsiębiorstwa stają przed koniecznością „otwarcia się” na rynki zagraniczne. Istnieje jednoznaczna opinia prezentowana przez przedstawicieli różnych nurtów ekonomicznych dotycząca pozytywnych skutków uczestniczenia w międzynarodowym podziale pracy poprzez handel zagraniczny. Umiędzynarodowienie nie jest jednak powszechne w Polsce, a liczba małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw podejmujących proces internacjonalizacji jest niezadawalająca. Problemem badawczym podjętym w artykule jest rozpoznanie stopnia internacjonalizacji małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MSP) w przemyśle przetwórstwa żywnościowego oraz warunków określających go w pierwszym etapie tego procesu, który dotyczy handlu międzynarodowego. Uzyskane wyniki mogą stać się więc istotną wskazówką zarówno dla przedsiębiorstw, które roz-ważają podjęcie aktywności na rynkach międzynarodowych, jak również instytucji, których celem jest promowanie aktywności gospodarczej na rynkach zagranicznych.In the time of globalization, almost all companies are forced to "open up" to foreign markets. There is an unequivocal statement presented by the representatives of the various economic trends that there are positive effects of participation in the international division of labor through foreign trade. The phenomenon of internationalization is not common in Poland, in particular the number of small and medium-sized enterprises which undertake internationalization process is unsatisfactory. In connection with this problem the main aim undertaken in the article is to identify the degree of internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises from food sector and the conditions governing it in the first stage of this process, which concerns international trade. The given results may become an important clue for businesses that are considering the activity on international markets, as well as institutions whose purpose is to promote economic activity on foreign markets

High-Tech SMEs in the concept of intelligentorganizations: The reconstruction of the approach in the light of empirical research

The objective of this paper is to present the concept of intelligent organizations, which is nowadays believed to be the highest developed form of a company and to check if high-tech small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from Greater Poland region are run according to the concept of intellectual entrepreneurship. Verification whether the high-tech SMEs meet the criteria of intelligent organizations was tested on a sample 44 SMEs using a survey CATI tool. Data analysis consisted of comparing the values of three statistical measures (dominant, median, arithmetic average) of seventeen items. The survey results confirm that these enterprises base their actions on intellectual capital, which becomes the most important element of business management in the strategic perspective. Thus, their actions are consistent with the concept of intellectual entrepreneurship. The originality of this work lies in studying the concept of intellectual entrepreneurship taking into account companies from high-tech industry. Up till now companies from Greater Poland region were analysed just for their level of innovations, not intellectual capital. It is important to encourage more companies to be run according to the intellectual entrepreneurship concept due to unstable circumstances worldwide