Gender impacts the post-exercise substrate and endocrine response in trained runners

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although several studies have investigated gender differences in the substrate and endocrine responses during and following endurance exercise, few have studied sex differences during a more prolonged recovery period post endurance exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare and characterize the endocrine and substrate profiles of trained male and female adult runners during the three-and-a-half hour recovery period from an endurance run.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>After consuming a euenergetic diet (1.8 g·kg^-1·d^-1protein, 26% fat, 58% carbohydrates, 42.8 ± 1.2 kcal/kg body weight) for 8 days, blood was collected from trained male (n = 6, 21 yrs, 70 kg, 180 cm, 9% body fat, VO_2peak78.0 ± 3.4 mL·kg FFM^-1·min^-1) and female (n = 6, 23 y, 66 kg, 170 cm, 29% body fat, VO_2peak71.6 ± 4.5 mL·kg FFM^-1·min^-1) endurance runners at rest and during recovery from a 75 min run at 70% VO_2peak. Circulating levels of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFAs), insulin, cortisol, growth hormone (GH), and free insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were measured.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the recovery period, females experienced increases in glucose, lactate and insulin while no changes were noted in men (<it>P </it>< 0.05). Males experienced increases in GH and decreases in IGF-I levels respectively (<it>P </it>< 0.05) while no changes were observed in females. FFA levels increased during recovery from endurance exercise, but changes were not different between genders.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data further document gender differences in substrate and endocrine changes during a prolonged recovery period following endurance exercise. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effect of differing diets and nutritional supplements on these gender-specific post-exercise substrate and endocrine differences.</p

Are Dietary Bioactives Ready for Recommended Intakes?12

Research has shown that numerous dietary bioactive components that are not considered essential may still be beneficial to health. The dietary reference intake (DRI) process has been applied to nonessential nutrients, such as fiber, yet the majority of bioactive components await a recommended intake. Despite a plethora of new research over the past several years on the health effects of bioactives, it is possible that the field may never reach a point where the current DRI framework is suitable for these food components. If bioactives are to move toward dietary guidance, they will likely require an alternative path to get there

Fortification and health: challenges and opportunities.

Fortification is the process of adding nutrients or non-nutrient bioactive components to edible products (e.g., food, food constituents, or supplements). Fortification can be used to correct or prevent widespread nutrient intake shortfalls and associated deficiencies, to balance the total nutrient profile of a diet, to restore nutrients lost in processing, or to appeal to consumers looking to supplement their diet. Food fortification could be considered as a public health strategy to enhance nutrient intakes of a population. Over the past century, fortification has been effective at reducing the risk of nutrient deficiency diseases such as beriberi, goiter, pellagra, and rickets. However, the world today is very different from when fortification emerged in the 1920s. Although early fortification programs were designed to eliminate deficiency diseases, current fortification programs are based on low dietary intakes rather than a diagnosable condition. Moving forward, we must be diligent in our approach to achieving effective and responsible fortification practices and policies, including responsible marketing of fortified products. Fortification must be applied prudently, its effects monitored diligently, and the public informed effectively about its benefits through consumer education efforts. Clear lines of authority for establishing fortification guidelines should be developed and should take into account changing population demographics, changes in the food supply, and advances in technology. This article is a summary of a symposium presented at the ASN Scientific Sessions and Annual Meeting at Experimental Biology 2014 on current issues involving fortification focusing primarily on the United States and Canada and recommendations for the development of responsible fortification practices to ensure their safety and effectiveness

Fortification: new findings and implications

This article reviews the current landscape regarding food fortification in the United States; the content is based on aworkshop sponsored by the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute. Fortification of the food supply with vitamins and minerals is a public health strategy to enhance nutrient intakes of the population without increasing caloric intake. Many individuals in the United States would not achieve recommended micronutrient intakes without fortification of the food supply. The achievement and maintenance of a desirable level of nutritional quality in the nation\u27s food supply is, thus, an important public health objective. While the addition of nutrients to foods can help maintain and improve the overall nutritional quality of diets, indiscriminate fortification of foods could result in overfortification or underfortification in the food supply and nutrient imbalances in the diets of individuals. Any changes in food fortification policy for micronutrients must be considered within the context of the impact they will have on all segments of the population and of food technology and safety applications and their limitations. This article discusses and evaluates the value of fortification, the success of current fortification efforts, and the future role of fortification in preventing or reversing nutrient inadequacies

Strategies to optimize the impact of nutritional surveys and epidemiological studies

The development of nutrition and health guidelines and policies requires reliable scientific information. Unfortunately, theoretical considerations and empirical evidence indicate that a large percentage of science-based claims rely on studies that fail to replicate. The session "Strategies to Optimize the Impact of Nutrition Surveys and Epidemiological Studies" focused on the elements of design, interpretation, and communication of nutritional surveys and epidemiological studies to enhance and encourage the production of reliable, objective evidence for use in developing dietary guidance for the public. The speakers called for more transparency of research, raw data, consistent data-staging techniques, and improved data analysis. New approaches to collecting data are urgently needed to increase the credibility and utility of findings from nutrition epidemiological studies. Such studies are critical for furthering our knowledge and understanding of the effects of diet on health

Sources of Added Sugars in Young Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Low and High Intakes of Added Sugars

High intake of added sugars is associated with excess energy intake and poorer diet quality. The objective of this cross-sectional study (n = 16,806) was to estimate usual intakes and the primary food sources of added sugars across the range of intakes (i.e., deciles) among U.S. children (2–8 years), adolescents and teens (9–18 years), and adults (≥19 years) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) data from 2009–2012. The percent energy contributed by added sugars was 14.3 ± 0.2% (2–8 years), 16.2 ± 0.2% (9–18 years), and 13.1 ± 0.2% (≥19 years), suggesting the highest intakes are among adolescents and teens. However, the primary foods/beverages that contribute to added sugars were remarkably consistent across the range of intakes, with the exception of the lowest decile, and include sweetened beverages and sweet bakery products. Interestingly across all age groups, even those in the lowest decile of added sugars exceed the 10% guidelines. Additional foods contributing to high intakes were candy and other desserts (e.g., ice cream) in children and adolescents, and coffee and teas in adults. Tailoring public health messaging to reduce intakes of these identified food groups may be of utility in designing effective strategies to reduce added sugar intake in the U.S

Micronutrient Dilution and Added Sugars Intake in U.S. Adults: Examining This Association Using NHANES 2009–2014

There is inconsistent evidence regarding the impact of added sugars consumption on micronutrient dilution of the diet. We examined the associations between added sugars intake deciles and nutrient adequacy for 17 micronutrients in U.S. adults 19+ (n = 13,949), 19&ndash;50 (n = 7424), and 51+ y (n = 6525) using two days of 24 hour dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009&ndash;2014 and regression analysis. Added sugars intake deciles ranged from &lt;3.8 to &gt;23.3% of calories among adults 19+ y, with a median intake of 11.0% of calories. Significant associations (p &le; 0.01) between added sugars intake deciles and percentage of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were found for magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E; only the association with magnesium remained significant after dropping the two highest and lowest deciles of intake, suggesting a threshold effect. Intakes below approximately 18% of calories from added sugars were generally not associated with micronutrient inadequacy. However, even at the lower deciles of added sugars, large percentages of the population were below the EAR for these four micronutrients, suggesting that adequate intakes are difficult to achieve regardless of added sugars intake