Pathogen detections and quantifications in nasal swab supernatants and lung tissues of inoculated pigs.

a<p>Qualitative results of M gene real-time RT-PCR in nasal swab supernatants collected at 2, 3 and 7 DPI H1N1 and in lung tissues collected at necropsy (+ and − : positive and negative genome detection).</p>b<p>Results of virus titration in nasal swab supernatants. Virus titers are expressed in log TCID50/ml (ni: not isolated; nt: not tested; *: averages calculated with values obtained from successful titrations).</p>c<p>Results of Mhp quantification (expressed in pg DNA/25 mg organ) in lungs at necropsy. SD: standard deviation. N.a.: not applicable.</p

Plasma total IgG concentrations (g/L) during the time course of the experiment in control (C) and co-infected (MH1N1) pigs.

<p>Standard errors of the mean (SEM) of control (C) and co-infected (MH1N1) conditions are presented with <i>ad libitum</i> (AL) and feed restricted (FR) pigs pooled together (C-AL+C-FR vs. MH1N1-AL+MH1N1-FR) because the effect of the feeding level (-AL or -FR) and its interactions with the effects of infection (I) and time (T) were not significant.</p>a,b<p>: concentrations with different letters are significantly different with P<0.001.</p

Experimental design.

<p>Experimental design.</p

Mean rectal temperatures (°C) of pigs.

<p>Mean rectal temperatures in co-infected (MH1N1) and control (C) pigs fed <i>ad libitum</i> (AL) or feed restricted (FR) : C-AL (black dashed line), C-FR (gray dashed line), MH1N1-AL (black solid line) and MH1N1-FR groups (gray solid line), from the day of Mhp inoculation (day 0) until the end of the experiment. Arrows indicate the day of the beginning of the feed restriction (day 15) and the day of H1N1 inoculation (day 21).</p

Mean daily weight gain (kg) of pigs after Mhp and H1N1 inoculations.

<p>Mean daily weight gains between Day (D) 14 and D21 (the week before H1N1 infection), between D21 and D24 (between 0 and 3 DPI H1N1), between D21 and D28 (between 0 and 7 DPI H1N1) and between D14 and D28, for control (C) or co-infected (MH1N1) groups fed <i>ad libitum</i> (AL) or feed restricted (FR): C-AL (hatched black), C-FR (hatched gray), MH1N1-AL (black) and MH1N1-FR (gray) groups. Mean daily weight gains with different letters are significantly different with P<0.05.</p

Average area under the curve for plasma amino acid concentrations (µMxmin) calculated during the 4 hours of blood sampling following the meal test (basal values are included) in control (C) and co-infected (MH1N1) pigs fed <i>ad libitum</i> (AL) or feed restricted (FR).

<p>Values are least square means. n = number of pigs. SEM = standard error of the mean; I = Infection; FR = Feed restriction; ns = not significant (P>0.05).</p>a,b<p>: values with different letters are significantly different with P<0.05; ns = not significant: P>0.05 for I×FR and P>0.1 for I and FR.</p

L'Alliance internationale

novembre 19701970/11 (N58)

Overview of RT-PCR techniques and pig sera used by 15 ESNIP3 partners for detection and preliminary subtyping of influenza A viruses in pig samples (rt = real-time; conv. = conventional; n.a. = not applicable; CA = Cotes d'Armor; Fin = Finistere; Eng = England; Calif = California; Scot = Scotland; Neth = Netherlands; It = Italy).

<p>Virus strains marked with an asterisk (*) were used to produce sera belonging to the ESNIP3 reference panel.</p>a<p>Since end 2012 (used during the third yearly period of the project).</p><p>Overview of RT-PCR techniques and pig sera used by 15 ESNIP3 partners for detection and preliminary subtyping of influenza A viruses in pig samples (rt =  real-time; conv. =  conventional; n.a. =  not applicable; CA =  Cotes d'Armor; Fin = Finistere; Eng =  England; Calif =  California; Scot =  Scotland; Neth =  Netherlands; It = Italy).</p

Number of viruses identified within the different haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes and lineages in 14 countries from November 2010 to October 2013.

<p>Number of viruses identified within the different haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes and lineages in 14 countries from November 2010 to October 2013.</p

Number of investigated and positive herds obtained in each country by the different partners, in the three 12-month periods of the ESNIP3 program as well as in total from November 2010 to October 2013.

<p>Percentages of positive herds and total numbers of viruses that were subtyped in the context of the passive surveillance are also given. When several partners were involved in the surveillance in a country, individual numbers are indicated in grey.</p><p>Number of investigated and positive herds obtained in each country by the different partners, in the three 12-month periods of the ESNIP3 program as well as in total from November 2010 to October 2013.</p