16 research outputs found

    Xeroderma pigmentosum: clues to understanding cancer initiation

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    AbstractXeroderma pigmentosum (XP) type C is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that occurs because of inactivation of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein, which is an important DNA damage recognition protein involved in DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER). This defect, which prevents removal of a wide array of direct and indirect DNA lesions, is associated with a decrease in catalase activity. As a novel photoprotective approach, lentivirus-mediated catalase overexpression in XPC human keratinocytes results in a marked decrease in sunburn cell formation, caspase-3 activation, and p53 accumulation following UVB irradiation. While not correcting the gene defect, indirect gene therapy using antioxidant enzymes may be helpful in limiting photosensitivity in XP type C, as well as in other monogenic/polygenic photosensitive disorders characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a major transcription factor sensitive to oxygen levels, responds to various stress factors. As a common stressor of skin, UVB induces a biphasic HIF-1a variation through ROS generation in keratinocytes. HIF-1a has an important regulator effect on the expression of XPC protein and other NER genes, indicating indirect regulation of NER by ROS. The intrinsic genomic instability arising in XP type C provides a good opportunity to investigate the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect (the shift of mito-chondrial metabolism towards glycolysis). Overall, the monogenic disorder XP type C is a powerful tool for studying photoprotection and cancer

    SuccĂšs de la thĂ©rapie gĂ©nique d’un modĂšle murin de porphyrie Ă©rythropoĂŻĂ©tique congĂ©nitale

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    Les porphyries hĂ©rĂ©ditaires reprĂ©sentent un ensemble de maladies mĂ©taboliques caractĂ©risĂ©es par une synthĂšse, une accumulation et une excrĂ©tion accrues de porphyrines et/ou de leurs prĂ©curseurs, l’acide delta aminolĂ©vulinique et le porphobilinogĂšne. Chacune de ces maladies a pu ĂȘtre reliĂ©e Ă  un dĂ©ficit spĂ©cifique d’une des enzymes de la biosynthĂšse de l’hĂšme, et nous avons prĂ©cĂ©demment publiĂ© dans MĂ©decine/Sciences les progrĂšs effectuĂ©s dans la connaissance des gĂšnes, la pathologie molĂ©culaire des porphyries ainsi que des modĂšles animaux indispensables pour des Ă©tudes physiopathologiques et thĂ©rapeutiques. Parmi les porphyries Ă©rythropoĂŻĂ©tiques, la porphyrie Ă©rythropoĂŻĂ©tique congĂ©nitale (PEC), ou maladie de GĂŒnther, la plus sĂ©vĂšre des porphyries, est une maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique caractĂ©risĂ©e par un dĂ©ficit en uroporphyrinogĂšne III synthase (UROS). Elle est actuellement traitĂ©e par greffe de moelle osseuse allogĂ©nique dans les formes graves ; elle pourrait bĂ©nĂ©ficier dans le futur d’une thĂ©rapie gĂ©nique ciblĂ©e sur les cellules souches/progĂ©nitrices hĂ©matopoĂŻĂ©tiques. Les rĂ©sultats d’une thĂ©rapie gĂ©nique efficace dans un nouveau modĂšle murin de cette porphyrie sont exposĂ©s dans cet article

    Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of familial hypercholesterolemia in French adult and pediatric populations

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    International audienceContexte : L' hypercholestĂ©rolĂ©mie familiale (HF) est la maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique la plus courante associĂ©e Ă  un risque Ă©levĂ© de maladie cardiovasculaire athĂ©rosclĂ©reuse prĂ©maturĂ©e attribuable Ă  l'augmentation des taux de cholestĂ©rol LDL (LDL-C) dĂšs la naissance. L'HF est Ă  la fois sous-diagnostiquĂ©e et sous-traitĂ©e.Objectif : Nous dĂ©crivons les caractĂ©ristiques cliniques, biologiques et gĂ©nĂ©tiques de 147 patients en France atteints d'HF clinique (dont un groupe de 26 sujets ĂągĂ©s de < 20 ans) ; nous explorons la meilleure façon de dĂ©tecter les patients atteints d'HF monogĂ©nique.MĂ©thodes : Nous avons examinĂ© rĂ©trospectivement toutes les donnĂ©es disponibles sur les patients subissant des tests gĂ©nĂ©tiques pour l'HF de 2009 Ă  2019. Les diagnostics d'HF Ă©taient basĂ©s sur les scores des adultes du Dutch Lipid Clinics Network (DLCN) et sur les taux Ă©levĂ©s de LDL-C chez les sujets de moins de 20 ans. . Nous avons Ă©valuĂ© le statut LDLR, APOB et PCSK9.RĂ©sultats : Les mutations des adultes (chez 25,6 % de tous les adultes) Ă©taient associĂ©es Ă  des scores DLCN indiquant "FH possible", "FH probable et "FH dĂ©finitive" Ă  des taux de 4 %, 16 % et 53 %, respectivement. les aires sous les courbes ROC du score DLCN et du taux maximal de LDL-C ne diffĂ©raient pas (p = 0,32).Nous avons constatĂ© que le groupe pĂ©diatrique prĂ©sentait davantage d'Ă©tiologies monogĂ©niques (77 %, augmentant Ă  91 % lorsqu'un taux Ă©levĂ© de LDL-C Ă©tait associĂ©e Ă  des antĂ©cĂ©dents familiaux d'hypercholestĂ©rolĂ©mie et/ou de maladie coronarienne prĂ©maturĂ©e).Conclusion : Le diagnostic de l'HF monogĂ©nique peut ĂȘtre optimisĂ© par le dĂ©pistage des enfants en fonction de leur taux de LDL-C, associĂ© Ă  un dĂ©pistage en cascade inverse des proches lorsque les enfants servent de cas index

    Identification of novel UROS mutations in a patient with congenital erythropoietic porphyria and efficient treatment by phlebotomy

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    International audienceCongenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the heme biosynthetic pathway that is characterized by uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS) deficiency and the accumulation of non-physiological isomer I porphyrins. These phototoxic metabolites predominantly produced by the erythron result in ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic hemolysis and splenomegaly, but they also disseminate in tissues causing bullous photosensitivity to UV light and skin fragility that may progress to scarring with photo mutilation. Therapeutic management is currently limited to supportive care and bone marrow transplantation is reserved for the most severe cases. We describe here a 26-year-old women previously diagnosed with CEP harbouring two novel UROS gene mutations whose pathogenic mechanism was investigated by extensive molecular analysis. Clinical features included disabling hypertrichosis and skin photosensitivity without hemolysis. The first and rate-limiting 5-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) enzyme controls heme synthesis and porphyrin production in erythroid cells, while iron availability modulates its expression through a post-transcriptional mechanism. We performed iterative phlebotomies over 26 months to induce iron depletion in the patient and investigated the effectiveness and tolerance of this cost-effective approach. We observed a progressive decrease in plasma ferritin and urinary porphyrins upon treatment without inducing anemia. The patient reported improved quality of life and photosensitivity. Our data confirm recent reports highlighting the benefit of iron restriction on the disease phenotype through a reduction in porphyrin accumulation. This new strategy may represent an efficient and well-tolerated treatment for CEP patients with skin involvement and limited hematological component if iron restriction is carefully monitored
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