Solar Ultraviolet Bursts

The term “ultraviolet (UV) burst” is introduced to describe small, intense, transient brightenings in ultraviolet images of solar active regions. We inventorize their properties and provide a definition based on image sequences in transition-region lines. Coronal signatures are rare, and most bursts are associated with small-scale, canceling opposite-polarity fields in the photosphere that occur in emerging flux regions, moving magnetic features in sunspot moats, and sunspot light bridges. We also compare UV bursts with similar transition-region phenomena found previously in solar ultraviolet spectrometry and with similar phenomena at optical wavelengths, in particular Ellerman bombs. Akin to the latter, UV bursts are probably small-scale magnetic reconnection events occurring in the low atmosphere, at photospheric and/or chromospheric heights. Their intense emission in lines with optically thin formation gives unique diagnostic opportunities for studying the physics of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere. This paper is a review report from an International Space Science Institute team that met in 2016–2017

Het meten van remoralisatie: Een verbreding van hedendaags onderzoek naar de effecten van psychotherapie

Item does not contain fulltextVoor effectonderzoek naar behandelingen van psychische aandoeningen is tegenwoordig het medisch model leidend: men kijkt daarbij uitsluitend of goed meetbare symptomen verminderd zijn. Het alleen maar kijken naar symptoomvermindering heeft als nadeel dat niet duidelijk wordt in welke mate bij behandelingen ook zelfwaardering en hervonden vertrouwen in eigen kunnen – ofwel remoralisatie – versterkt zijn, hetgeen volgens patiënten en behandelaars eveneens een belangrijk behandelresultaat is. De directe relatie tussen remoralisatie en symptoomreductie is nooit eerder onderwerp van wetenschappelijk onderzoek geweest. Wel zijn beide effecten beschreven in het fasemodel van Howard e.a. (1993). In het fasemodel wordt impliciet verondersteld dat remoralisatie en symptoomreductie onderscheidbaar zijn, omdat het fasemodel ervan uitgaat dat in een effectieve behandeling allereerst remoralisatie vermeerderd en daarna pas symptoomreductie kan plaatsvinden. Er werd een promotieonderzoektraject opgezet om het belang van het meten van remoralisatie en de relatie tussen remoralisatie en symptoomreductie te onderzoeken. Het onderhavige artikel is gebaseerd op dit promotieonderzoek met zijn vier empirische studies. We ontwikkelden allereerst de korte remoralisatieschaal (RS). Met behulp hiervan vonden we dat symptoomvermindering en remoralisatie bij paniekpatiënten steeds vergelijkbaar hand in hand gingen, zelfs wanneer de behandeling alleen gericht was op óf symptoomvermindering óf remoralisatie. Er bleek bovendien een directe relatie te bestaan tussen remoralisatie en de mate waarin patiënten beter gingen functioneren op meerdere levensterreinen, terwijl hiermee geen directe relatie bestond met symptoomvermindering. Daarnaast werd getoetst in hoeverre een behandeling in overeenstemming mét het fasemodel – eerst remoralisatiegerichte behandelmodule gevolgd door symptoomgerichte behandelmodule – effectiever was dan een behandeling die afweek van dit model – eerst symptoomgerichte behandelmodule en daarna remoralisatiegerichte behandelmodule. Beide volgordes bleken even effectief. Algemeen kan geconcludeerd worden dat het promotieonderzoek geen bewijs heeft geleverd voor het bestaan van de fase van het fasemodel. Daarnaast blijkt dat het meten van remoralisatie niet onderscheiden kan worden van het meten van symptoomreductie.8 p

Counseling and psychotherapy in the Netherlands: Tom's story

Item does not contain fulltex

Empirisch ondersteunde psychologische behandelingen. Moeten we dat nu wel doen?

Item does not contain fulltextEmpirisch ondersteunde psychologische behandelingen (EST’s) en traditionele, individuspecifieke psychologische behandelingen vullen elkaar aan. Indien geïndiceerd, verdienen EST’s de voorkeur boven traditionele, psychologische behandelingen. Ondanks de aanvankelijke vraagtekens bij het onderzoek naar EST’s wordt steeds duidelijker dat EST’s met succes ook in de klinische praktijk van alle dag kunnen worden toegepast. Behandelprotocollen maken EST’s transparant en goed uitvoerbaar. Bovendien is het voor behandelingen in de praktijk zelden nodig om behandelprotocollen naar de letter te volgen. Daarnaast kan worden opgemerkt dat onderzoek in de laatste decennia voor de meerderheid van DSM-IV-diagnoses geen EST’s heeft kunnen vaststellen. Mogelijk komen die EST’s er nog. Aannemelijker is dat het bij deze diagnostische groepen niet gaat om homogene stoornissen met steeds dezelfde kenmerken. Bij deze diagnostische groepen verdient traditionele individuspecifieke behandeling de voorkeur

Analysis of synergies and trade-offs between animal welfare, ammonia emission, particulate matter emission and antibiotic use in Dutch broiler production systems

Context: Intensive broiler production systems are criticized by EU citizens because of their negative impact on animal welfare, the environment and human health. Objective: To inform the development of sustainable broiler production systems, this paper provides insight in the synergies and trade-offs between different external factors originating from broiler production systems by developing a new analysis approach. Methods: The approach was applied to the Dutch conventional, New Dutch Retail Standard and Extensive Indoor+ systems. The latter two systems have more stringent standards on animal welfare relative to the conventional system. Four external factors were considered, i.e. animal welfare (indicated by Welfare Quality Index score), ammonia emission (kg NH3/animal place/year), particulate matter emission (g PM10/animal place/year) and antibiotic use (defined daily doses animal). Results and conclusions: Results show that the shift from a fast-growing breed towards a slower-growing breed caused synergy by improving animal welfare and lowering antibiotic use. Furthermore, the reduction in protein content of the feed, and possibly the reduction in stocking density, caused synergy by enhancing animal welfare and lowering ammonia emission. System changes that stimulated activity, such as the reduction in stocking density, enhanced animal welfare but caused a trade-off with particulate matter emission. Although the New Dutch Retail Standard and Extensive Indoor+ system were characterized by a higher ammonia and particulate matter emission per animal place per year relative to the conventional system, experts estimated that these emissions were partially (New Dutch Retail Standard) or fully (Extensive Indoor+) offset at farm level via a lower stocking density. Overall, we conclude that future development of broiler production systems can exploit the synergy between animal welfare, antibiotic use, and ammonia emission and minimize the trade-off between animal welfare and particulate matter emission. Significance: The insights obtained from this paper can support the development of sustainable broiler production systems that minimize external factors originating from these systems.</p

Exploring the performance of system changes in Dutch broiler production to balance animal welfare, ammonia emissions and particulate matter emissions with farm profitability

CONTEXT: In response to societal concerns, the European Union set up goals to address the negative impact of intensive broiler production on animal welfare, the environment and human health. OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to 1) explore combinations of system changes that perform best in terms of farm income, animal welfare, emissions of ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM10) and 2) are robust to changes in society's expectations relating to animal welfare and environmental sustainability. METHODS: The prevailing system in the Dutch broiler market was used as a baseline for evaluating system changes. Animal welfare, NH3 emissions and PM10 emissions were the three external factors chosen for this evaluation. Farm income was quantified by the net return to labor and management (NRLM). Expert knowledge elicitation was used to identify system changes that were likely to be implemented in the baseline system. Combinations were made by selecting system changes from each of the chosen external factors. A deterministic model was used to calculate the effect of each combination of system changes on net return to labor and management. The performance of each combination was evaluated by estimating a benefit-of-the-doubt composite indicator. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Results show that 8 out of 70 combinations indicated a better outcome and were more robust to potential changes in society's expectations relating to animal welfare and environmental sustainability. These combinations included two or more of the following system changes: ‘lower density’ (30 kg/m2), ‘2 types of enrichment’, and ‘daylight’. Furthermore, these combinations included ‘tube heaters’ for the abatement of NH3 emissions, and ‘negative air ionization system’ or ‘ionization filter’ for the abatement of PM10 emissions. To compensate for the decrease in NRLM associated with these practices and abatement techniques, a price premium was required that ranged between 4.8 and 18.5 eurocents/broiler. We conclude that combinations including animal welfare related system changes (lower density, enrichment and/or daylight), tube heaters and an ionization technique performed best and were robust to changes of societal expectations of these external factors. SIGNIFICANCE: The insights obtained from this paper can support decision making in improving the sustainability of current broiler production systems

Utility of measuring remoralization in addition to symptoms in efficacy research: A preliminary study

Contains fulltext : 90588.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Remoralization as an outcome measure for psychological treatments was compared with symptom reduction (agoraphobic avoidance and cognitions). Twenty-four patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia received empirically supported treatment and were monitored across multiple time points for 28 weeks. Treatment resulted in reduced symptoms and enhanced remoralization (Cohen's d=1.19-1.45). Slopes of symptoms and remoralization were obtained from latent growth model analyses. The slopes correlated highly (r=- .50 to -.55), which indicates similar patterns of change over time. The slope of remoralization also correlated with a number of aspects of health-related quality of life, while the slope of symptom reduction did not. Although strongly related to symptom reduction, the measurement of remoralization is expected to provide unique information for treatment efficacy research

Development of the Remoralization Scale: An extension of contemporary psychotherapy outcome measurement

Contains fulltext : 90144.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Remoralization is the process of restoration of morale. Remoralization constitutes an important step in the therapeutic change process. Because no appropriate self-report instrument was available to indicate the level of morale in mental health care, the Remoralization Scale (RS) was developed. In a first study (299 outpatients), a pool of 69 items was examined to produce an initial scale with 16 items with a unidimensional factor structure. In a second study (199 outpatients, 192 nonpatients), the unidimensionality and scalar invariance of the initial scale was tested. To make the RS as short and easy to complete as possible, four items with low factor loadings were removed. In a third study (124 students), the test-retest reliability (r = 0.89) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.91) of the RS were estimated. In a fourth study, the construct validity of the RS was investigated using a demoralization scale (r = -.72) and scales that measure anxiety (r = -.52), depression (r = -.50), somatic symptoms (r = -.36), and social dysfunction (r = -.37). In a fifth study (23 panic outpatients), the sensitivity of the RS to therapeutic change was examined and found to be good. In closing, limitations of the RS are discussed.9 p

A multiple-standards framework to address externalities resulting from meat production

This article develops a framework for assessing the implementation of standards in a context of multiple negative externalities resulting from meat production. The framework is applied to the introduction of the New Dutch Retail Standard in the Dutch broiler market, a standard on animal welfare initiated by the private sector with national coverage. The results show that this standard did not lower producer, retailer, and consumer welfare; rather, social welfare increased by approximately 300 million euros. The framework provides a sound scientific basis for an ex ante analysis on the market potential of multiple standards. JEL CLASSIFICATION: D62; Q13; Q18.</p