Do you see what I see? Co-actor posture modulates visual processing in joint tasks

Interacting with other people is a ubiquitous part of daily life. A complex set of processes enable our successful interactions with others. The present research was conducted to investigate how the processing of visual stimuli may be affected by the presence and the hand posture of a co-actor. Experiments conducted with participants acting alone have revealed that the distance from the stimulus to the hand of a participant can alter visual processing. In the main experiment of the present paper, we asked whether this posture-related source of visual bias persists when participants share the task with another person. The effect of personal and co-actor hand-proximity on visual processing was assessed through object-specific benefits to visual recognition in a task performed by two co-actors. Pairs of participants completed a joint visual recognition task and, across different blocks of trials, the position of their own hands and of their partner's hands varied relative to the stimuli. In contrast to control studies conducted with participants acting alone, an object-specific recognition benefit was found across all hand location conditions. These data suggest that visual processing is, in some cases, sensitive to the posture of a co-actor

Tributes to Professor Robert Berkley Harper

In 1977, I began teaching at The University of Pittsburgh Law School and in short order one of my closest friends during my tenure there was Professor Robert “Bob” Harper. I wondered when I was hired whether I was selected because I looked strikingly similar to Bob, and perhaps the faculty thought my favoring Professor Harper would make my assimilation into the law school faculty that much easier. Students constantly called me Professor Harper and, indeed, many on the faculty called me Bob for several years; I never bothered to correct them. I thought if they paid that little attention to detail in law school, I would just let them go through life missing some of the finer points their education, and life for that matter, has to offer

Divorce Reform—One State’s Solution

Although New York has long been a leader in reform legislation, it has also had one of the most ineffective divorce laws in the nation. Therefore, it was not unrealistic to hope that when New York recently revised its divorce laws the new product would serve as a model for future reforms in other jurisdictions. While the new law as finally enacted is defective in several respects, its provisions reflect an attempt to accommodate the basic reform trends in current divorce law. This comment investigates briefly the evolution of governmental controls of divorce, the American tradition prior to the New York reform, and the implications of the procedures finally adopted by that state

A new method of measuring coastal surface currents with markers and dyes dropped from an aircraft

This paper describes a new low-cost method of measuring coastal surface currents with markers dropped from a light aircraft at each of a series of stations. Each marker consists of a cloth bag containing floats and a different dye. One marker, with anchor attached, remains stationary while a second marker, with drogue attached, moves with the current. The specific dye with each marker disperses slowly and contjnuously through the cloth into the water and aids in the subsequent location of each marker...

Designing experiments for an application in laser and surface Chemistry

We consider the design used to collect data for a Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) experiment, where the behaviour of interfaces between two phases, for example the surface of a liquid, is investigated. These studies have implications in surfactants, catalysis, membranes and electrochemistry. Ongoing work will be described in designing experiments to investigate nonlinear models used to represent the data, relating the intensity of the SHG signal to the polarisation angles of the polarised light beam. The choice of design points and their effect on parameter estimates is investigated. Various designs and the current practice of using equal-spaced levels are investigated, and their relative merits compared on the basis of the overall aim of the chemical study

Donor-strand exchange in chaperone-assisted pilus assembly revealed in atomic detail by molecular dynamics

Adhesive multi-subunit fibres are assembled on the surface of many pathogenic bacteria via the chaperone-usher pathway. In the periplasm, a chaperone donates a β-strand to a pilus subunit to complement its incomplete immunoglobulin-like fold. At the outer membrane, this is replaced with a β-strand formed from the N-terminal extension (Nte) of an incoming pilus subunit by a donorstrand exchange (DSE) mechanism. This reaction has previously been shown to proceed via a concerted mechanism, in which the Nte interacts with the chaperone:subunit complex before the chaperone has been displaced, forming a ternary intermediate. Thereafter, the pilus and chaperone β-strands have been postulated to undergo a strand swap by a ‘zip-in-zip-out’ mechanism, whereby the chaperone strand zips out, residue by residue, as the Nte simultaneously zips in. Here, molecular dynamics simulations have been used to probe the DSE mechanism during formation of the Salmonella enterica Saf pilus at an atomic level, allowing the direct investigation of the zip-inzip- out hypothesis. The simulations provide an explanation of how the incoming Nte is able to dock and initiate DSE due to inherent dynamic fluctuations within the chaperone:subunit complex. The chaperone donor-strand is shown to unbind from the pilus subunit residue by residue, in direct support of the zip-in-zip-out hypothesis. In addition, an interaction of a residue towards the Nterminus of the Nte with a specific binding pocket (P*) on the adjacent pilus subunit is shown to stabilise the DSE product against unbinding, which also proceeds by a zippering mechanism. Together, the study provides an in-depth picture of DSE, including the first insights into the molecular events occurring during the zip-in-zip-out mechanism

Particles in RSOS paths

We introduce a new representation of the paths of the Forrester-Baxter RSOS models which represents the states of the irreducible modules of the minimal models M(p',p). This representation is obtained by transforming the RSOS paths, for the cases p> 2p'-2, to new paths for which horizontal edges are allowed at certain heights. These new paths are much simpler in that their weight is nothing but the sum of the position of the peaks. This description paves the way for the interpretation of the RSOS paths in terms of fermi-type charged particles out of which the fermionic characters could be obtained constructively. The derivation of the fermionic character for p'=2 and p=kp'+/- 1 is outlined. Finally, the particles of the RSOS paths are put in relation with the kinks and the breathers of the restricted sine-Gordon model.Comment: 15 pages, few typos corrected, version publishe

Offside goals and induced breaches of contract

An analysis of Global Resources Group Ltd v Mackay which explores the possibility of building links between the offside goals rule and nominate delict of inducing breach of contract

An Economic analysis of the potential for precision farming in UK cereal production

The results from alternative spatial nitrogen application studies are analysed in economic terms and compared to the costs of precision farming hardware, software and other services for cereal crops in the UK. At current prices, the benefits of variable rate application of nitrogen exceed the returns from a uniform application by an average of £22 ha−1 The cost of the precision farming systems range from £5 to £18 ha−1 depending upon the system chosen for an area of 250 ha. The benefits outweigh the associated costs for cereal farms in excess of 80 ha for the lowest price system to 200–300 ha for the more sophisticated systems. The scale of benefits obtained depends upon the magnitude of the response to the treatment and the proportion of the field that will respond. To be cost effective, a farmed area of 250 ha of cereals, where 30% of the area will respond to variable treatment, requires an increase in crop yield in the responsive areas of between 0·25 and 1.00 t ha−1 (at £65 t−1) for the basic and most expensive precision farming systems, respectively

On the circularly polarized optical emission from AE Aquarii

The reported nightly mean value of the circular polarization of optical emission observed from the close binary system AE Aqr is 0.06% (+-) 0.01%. We discuss a possibility that the observed polarized radiation is emitted mainly by the white dwarf or its vicinity. We demonstrate that this hypothesis is rather unlikely since the contribution of the white dwarf to the optical radiation of the system is too small. This indicates that the polarimetric data on AE Aqr cannot be used for the evaluation of the surface magnetic field strength of the white dwarf in this system.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Astron. & Astrophy