Interplay of fission modes in mass distribution of light actinide nuclei 225,227Pa

Fission-fragment mass distributions were measured for 225,227Pa nuclei formed in fusion reactions of 19F + 206, 208Pb around fusion barrier energies. Mass-angle correlations do not indicate any quasi-fission like events in this bombarding energy range. Mass distributions were fitted by Gaussian distribution and mass variance extracted. At below-barrier energies, the mass variance was found to increase with decrease in energy for both nuclei. Results from present work were compared with existing data for induced fission of 224, 226Th and 228U around barrier energies. Enhancement in mass variance of 225, 227Pa nuclei at below-barrier energies shows evidence for presence of asymmetric fission events mixed with symmetric fission events. This is in agreement with the results of mass distributions of nearby nuclei 224, 226Th and 228U where two-mode fission process was observed. Two-mode feature of fission arises due to the shell effects changing the landscape of the potential energy surfaces at low excitation energies. The excitation-energy dependence of the mass variance gives strong evidence for survival of microscopic shell effects in fission of light actinide nuclei 225, 227Pa with initial excitation energy ~30 - 50 MeV

Experimental Evidence of Large Collective Enhancement of Nuclear Level Density and its Significance in Radiative Neutron Capture

The collective enhancement of nuclear level density and its fade out with excitation energy in deformed $^{171}$Yb nucleus has been inferred through an exclusive measurement of neutron spectra.The statistical model analysis of neutron spectra demonstrated a large collective enhancement factor of 40$\pm$3 for the first time, which corroborates with the recent microscopic model predictions but is an anomalous result compared with the measurements in the nearby deformed nuclei. The complete picture of the energy dependent collective enhancement has been obtained by combining with Oslo data below neutron binding energy. The significance of large collective enhancement in radiative neutron capture cross section of astrophysical interest is highlighted.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

Competition between Fusion and Quasi-fission in the Formation of Super-heavy Elements

Quasifission is a non-equilibrium dynamical process resulting in rapid separation of the dinuclear system initially formed after capture and sticking of two colliding heavy nuclei. This can inhibit fusion by many orders of magnitude, thus suppressing the cross section for formation of superheavy elements. Measurements with projectiles from C to Ni, made at the Australian National University Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility, have mapped out quasifission characteristics and systematics using mass-angle distributions (MAD) - the fission mass-split as a function of centre-of-mass angle. These provide information on quasifission dynamics in the least model-dependent way. Quasifission time-scale information in the MAD has been compared with TDHF calculations of the collisions, with good agreement being found. Most significantly, the nuclear structure of the two colliding nuclei has a dramatic effect on quasifission probabilities and characteristics in gentle collisions at near-barrier energies. The effect of static deformation alignment, closed shells and N/Z matching can completely change reaction outcomes. The realization of this strong dependence makes modelling quasifission and superheavy element formation a challenging task, but should ultimately allow more reliable prediction of superheavy element formation cross sections

Systematic study of quasifission characteristics and timescales in heavy element formation reactions

Superheavy elements can only be created in the laboratory by the fusion of two massive nuclei. Mass-angle distributions give the most direct information on the characteristics and time scales of quasifission, the major competitor to fusion in these reactions. The systematics of 42 mass-angle distributions provide information on the global characteristics of quasifission. Deviations from the systematics reveal the major role played by the nuclear structure of the two colliding nuclei in determining the reaction outcome, and in hindering or favouring heavy element production.The authors acknowledge operations support for the ANU Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility from NCRIS, and support from Dr. N. Lobanov and Dr. T. Kibedi and the ANU Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility staff in operating the Linac. Financial support from ARC grants DP130101569, DP140101337, FL110100098, FT120100760 and DE140100784 is acknowledged

Recent experimental results in sub- and near-barrier heavy ion fusion reactions

Recent advances obtained in the field of near and sub-barrier heavy-ion fusion reactions are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the results obtained in the last decade, and focus will be mainly on the experimental work performed concerning the influence of transfer channels on fusion cross sections and the hindrance phenomenon far below the barrier. Indeed, early data of sub-barrier fusion taught us that cross sections may strongly depend on the low-energy collective modes of the colliding nuclei, and, possibly, on couplings to transfer channels. The coupled-channels (CC) model has been quite successful in the interpretation of the experimental evidences. Fusion barrier distributions often yield the fingerprint of the relevant coupled channels. Recent results obtained by using radioactive beams are reported. At deep sub-barrier energies, the slope of the excitation function in a semi-logarithmic plot keeps increasing in many cases and standard CC calculations over-predict the cross sections. This was named a hindrance phenomenon, and its physical origin is still a matter of debate. Recent theoretical developments suggest that this effect, at least partially, may be a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle. The hindrance may have far-reaching consequences in astrophysics where fusion of light systems determines stellar evolution during the carbon and oxygen burning stages, and yields important information for exotic reactions that take place in the inner crust of accreting neutron stars.Comment: 40 pages, 63 figures, review paper accepted for EPJ

Spin distribution as a probe to investigate the dynamical effects in fusion reactions

The spin distributions are measured for the compound nucleus 80Sr populated in the reactions 16O+64Zn and 32S+48Ti. The comparison of the experimental results for both the systems shows that the mean γ-ray multiplicity values for the system 32S+48Ti are lower than those for 16O+64Zn. The spin distribution of the compound nucleus populated through the symmetric channel is also found to be lower than the asymmetric channel. Present investigation directly shows the effect of entrance channel mass asymmetry on the reaction dynamics

Giant Dipole Resonance in A ~ 144 mass region

Exclusive measurement of giant dipole resonance (GDR) γ rays has been performed in 144Sm nucleus which was populated at near barrier energy using the heavy ion reaction of 28Si beam on 116Cd target. GDR γ rays were detected in coincidence with low energy γ rays using 32 elements 4π sum-spin spectrometer. The 144Sm nucleus was populated at an excitation energy of 68 MeV in the temperature range of 1.1-1.3 MeV. The measured GDR widths in this temperature range are consistent with the Kusnezov’s parametrization

Regression analysis of experimental reaction cross-section data of

Pre-processing of neutron reaction cross-section is essential in the nuclear data evaluation. This work aims to pre-process experimental cross-section data of 241 Am (n, 2n) 240 Am neutron reaction. Pre-processing of the experimental data includes re-normalization, removal of the outliers, integrating multiple cross-section values at single energy to single cross-section value, and regression on the cleaned experimental data. To remove outliers from the data, standardized residual and studentized residual have been used. For integration of multiple cross-section values to single cross-section value, the weighted average method has been used. Regression on the cleaned experimental data has been accomplished using the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Polynomial Regression (PR), and the performance of both regression methods has been studied using statistical indices such as the determination of coefficient (R2) and the sum of the square of residual (SSres)

Exploring quasifission characteristics for ³⁴S+²³²Th forming ²⁶⁶Sg

Background: Fission fragments from heavy ion collisions with actinide nuclei show mass-asymmetric and mass-symmetric components. The relative probabilities of these two components vary rapidly with beam energy with respect to the capture barrier, indicating a strong dependence on the alignment of the deformed nucleus with the partner in the collisions. Purpose: To study the characteristics of the mass-asymmetric quasifission component by reproducing the experimental mass-angle distributions to investigate mass evolution and sticking times. Methods: Fission fragment mass-angle distributions were measured for the 34S + 232Th reaction. Simulations to match the measurements were made by using a classical phenomenological approach. Mass ratio distributions and angular distributions of the mass-asymmetric quasifission component were simultaneously fit to constrain the free parameters used in the simulation. Results: The mass-asymmetric quasifission component—predominantly originating from tip (axial) collisions with the prolate deformed 232Th—is found to be peaked near A = 200 at all energies and center-of-mass angles. A Monte Carlo model using the standard mass equilibration time constant of 5.2 × 10−21 s predicts more symmetric mass splits. Three different hypotheses assuming (i) a mass halt at A = 200, (ii) a slower mass equilibration time, or (iii) a Fermi-type mass drift function reproduced the main experimental features. Conclusions:In tip collisions for the 34S + 232Th reaction, mass-asymmetric fission with A ∼ 200 is the dominant outcome. The average sticking time is found to be ∼7 × 10−21 s, independent of the scenario used for mass evolution.The authors acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council through Grants No. FL110100098, No. FT120100760, No. DP130101569, No. DP140101337, and No. DE140100784. Support for accelerator operations through the NCRIS program is acknowledged