Conceptual study of Yuktaratha Basti and its mode of action

Basti Chikitsa regarded as the prime treatment modality among the Panchakarma. It is having not only curative action but also preventive and promotive actions. Acharya Sushruta has described various kind of Basti in Chikitsasthana. Yuktarathabasti is a type of Niruhabasti and Vikalpa of Madhutailik Basti. Synonyms are Yapana, Siddha and Yuktarathabasti. As the patient can travel even after the administration of Basti on chariots, back of elephants or horses it is called as Yuktaratha. These are normally strictly contraindicated in Basti therapy as it causes Samkshobha (irritation) and complications. This characteristic of Yuktarathabasti makes it applicable to out-door patients without hospitalization. It enhances Deepana, Pachana and has the Kati, Pada, Jangha, Uru, Trikashoolahara property. So that it can be useful in Vatavyadhis like Sandhigatvata

Implementation of Precast Technology in India–Opportunities and Challenges

Rapid economic growth and limited availability of affordable land have restricted the horizontal mode of construction leading to vertical construction in most of the Indian cities. Urban India is mostly marked by tall buildings that are being built. Due to the economic slowdown and some governmental interventions, these building projects are seeing significant time and cost overrun, ultimately impacting the end-user. As these market pressures rise more and more, real estate developers are considering to adopt emerging technologies to compensate for these construction issues. Indian construction industry is undergoing a paradigm shift from traditional methods of construction to modern methods of construction. Precast technology is one such move which is expected to enhance the productivity of the construction process, thereby, optimizing the requirement of resources on the site, reducing waste generation and resulting in a faster delivery of the projects. While internationally precast technology is considered as a mature technology, in India, it is not widely utilized, despite the advantages. Commonly cited constraints are high costs in comparison to traditional construction, economies of scale, logistics, skill level required, end user friendliness, etc. Primarily, this study focusses on identifying the challenges faced by the precast technology under various categories. This study also presents a cost analysis model for precast technology versus traditional construction to address some of the challenges. Presented cost model is applied to two projects wherein precast technology and conventional technology are utilized to construct the project and an inference is drawn comparing the time and cost aspects of precast technology. Amicable solutions are proposed for adoption of precast construction from an Indian perspective

Negative Giant Longitudinal Magnetoresistance in NiMnSb/InSb: An interface effect

We report on the electrical and magneto-transport properties of the contact formed between polycrystalline NiMnSb thin films grown using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and n-type degenerate InSb (100) substrates. A negative giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is observed when the external magnetic field is parallel to the surface of the film and to the current direction. We attribute the observed phenomenon to magnetic precipitates formed during the magnetic film deposition and confined to a narrow layer at the interface. The effect of these precipitates on the magnetoresistance depends on the thermal processing of the system.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Surface and interface study of pulsed-laser-deposited off-stoichiometric NiMnSb thin films on Si(100) substrate

We report a detailed study of surface and interface properties of pulsed-laser deposited NiMnSb films on Si (100) substrate as a function of film thickness. As the thickness of films is reduced below 35 nm formation of a porous layer is observed. Porosity in this layer increases with decrease in NiMnSb film thickness. These morphological changes of the ultra thin films are reflected in the interesting transport and magnetic properties of these films. On the other hand, there are no influences of compositional in-homogeneity and surface/interface roughness on the magnetic and transport properties of the films.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, Submitted to Phys. Rev.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTITATION OF REGIOISOMERIC IMPURITY IN NIMODIPINE BULK AND FORMULATION

Objective: The present research work was directed towards the synthesis characterization and quantitation of regioisomeric impurity of Nimodipine i.e. diethyl 1, 4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl pyridine dicarboxylate in bulk and tablet formulation, by UV,IR,NMR and GC-MS techniques and a RP-HPLC method was developed as per ICH Q2B guidelines for quantitation of 1, 4-Dihydro-2, 6-Dimethyl-4-(p-nitro phenyl) pyridine-3,5 dicarboxylate (NI) from bulk and formulation. Methods: The synthesis of NI was carried out by Hantzch pyridine synthesis, by using p-nitrobenzaldehyde, ethylacetoacetate, in presence of ammonia and methanol as a catalyst. The percentage yield was found to be 89.29%. Recrystallization and purification of NI was done. The preliminary evaluation was done on laboratory scale via melting point, elemental analysis and TLC. Results: The melting point of impurity was found to be 156-1580C. The TLC of impurity was carried by using Chloroform: Methanol (9:1) and the Rf was found to be 0.79. The confirmation of structure of NI was carried out by using sophisticated techniques i.e., FT-IR, NMR (13C and 1H), GC-MS etc. The RP-HPLC method was developed to quantify the NI in Nimodipine bulk and formulation as per ICH Q2B guidelines. The method validation was done as per ICH guidelines. Conclusion: The validated optimized method was found to be linear, précised, robust, rugged and accurate. Finally NI was quantified from bulk Nimodipine and its marketed tablet formulation. It was concluded that the amount of NI, present in tablet was found to be 0.1% and in the bulk 0.067% respectively. Thus it was revealed that the NI was found to be within the limit laid down ICH guidelines (Not more than 0.1 %)

X-ray standing wave and reflectometric characterization of multilayer structures

Microstructural characterization of synthetic periodic multilayers by x-ray standing waves have been presented. It has been shown that the analysis of multilayers by combined x-ray reflectometry (XRR) and x-ray standing wave (XSW) techniques can overcome the deficiencies of the individual techniques in microstructural analysis. While interface roughnesses are more accurately determined by the XRR technique, layer composition is more accurately determined by the XSW technique where an element is directly identified by its characteristic emission. These aspects have been explained with an example of a 20 period Pt/C multilayer. The composition of the C-layers due to Pt dissolution in the C-layers, Pt$_{x}$C$_{1-x}$, has been determined by the XSW technique. In the XSW analysis when the whole amount of Pt present in the C-layers is assumed to be within the broadened interface, it l eads to larger interface roughness values, inconsistent with those determined by the XRR technique. Constraining the interface roughness values to those determined by the XRR technique, requires an additional amount of dissolved Pt in the C-layers to expl ain the Pt fluorescence yield excited by the standing wave field. This analysis provides the average composition Pt$_{x}$C$_{1-x}$ of the C-layers .Comment: 12 pages RevTex, 10 eps figures embedde

Amenability of groups and GG-sets

This text surveys classical and recent results in the field of amenability of groups, from a combinatorial standpoint. It has served as the support of courses at the University of G\"ottingen and the \'Ecole Normale Sup\'erieure. The goals of the text are (1) to be as self-contained as possible, so as to serve as a good introduction for newcomers to the field; (2) to stress the use of combinatorial tools, in collaboration with functional analysis, probability etc., with discrete groups in focus; (3) to consider from the beginning the more general notion of amenable actions; (4) to describe recent classes of examples, and in particular groups acting on Cantor sets and topological full groups

Specification and guideline for technical aspects and scanning parameter settings of neonatal lung ultrasound examination

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is now widely used in the diagnosis and monitor of neonatal lung diseases.Nevertheless, in the published literatures,the LUS images may display a significant variation in technical execution,while scanning parameters may influence diagnostic accuracy.The inter- and intra-observer reliabilities of ultrasound exam have been extensively studied in general and in LUS.As expected,the reliability declines in the hands of novices when they perform the point-of-care ultrasound (POC US).Consequently,having appropriate guidelines regarding to technical aspects of neonatal LUS exam is very important especially because diagnosis is mainly based on interpretation of artifacts produced by the pleural line and the lungs.The present work aimed to create an instrument operation specification and parameter setting guidelines for neonatal LUS.Technical aspects and scanning parameter settings that allow for standardization in obtaining LUS images include (1)select a high-end equipment with high-frequency linear array transducer (12-14 MHz).(2)Choose preset suitable for lung examination or small organs.(3)Keep the probe perpendicular to the ribs or parallel to the intercostal space.(4)Set the scanning depth at 4-5 cm.(5)Set 1-2 focal zones and adjust them close to the pleural line.(6)Use fundamental frequency with speckle reduction 2-3 or similar techniques.(7)Turn off spatial compounding imaging.(8)Adjust the time-gain compensation to get uniform image from the near-to far-field