Tooth Crown Morphology in Turner and Klinefelter Syndrome Individuals from a Croatian Sample

Svrha: Turnerov sindrom (TS) i Klinefelterov sindrom (KS) dvije su najčešće aneuploidije kromosoma X i svaka je povezana sa sustavnim poremećajima u rastu i razvoju. Istraživan je utjecaj tih sindroma na morfologiju krune zuba na uzorku osoba iz Hrvatske. Ispitanici i postupci: Uzorak je sadržavao 57 osoba s TS-om, 37 s KS-om i 88 u kontrolnom uzorku. Morfologija kruna zuba vrjednovana je prema Turner-Scottovu dentoantropološkom sustavu. Rezultati: Lopatasti sjekutići i hipokonus bili su značajno drukčiji u osoba s TS-om u odnosu prema kontroli i osobama s KS-om. Osobe s TS-om pokazuju niže stupnjeve ekspresije negoli one u drugim skupinama. Nadalje, značajno je različit bio broj lingvalnih kvržica na mandibularnim pretkutnjacima, hipokonulid na mandibularnom drugom kutnjaku i kvržica 7 na mandibularnom prvom kutnjaku, premda uparena usporedba nije rasvijetlila te razlike. Tuberculum dentale, distalni akcesorni greben očnjaka i Carabellijevo obilježje , bili su izraženi slično kao u kontroli. Osobe s KS-om nisu se značajno razlikovale od kontrolnog uzorka ni u jednom obilježju, što je možda povezano s veličinom uzorka. Zaključak: U dosadašnjim istraživanjimaautori pretpostavljaju da gubitak kromosoma X reducirajuće utječe na morfologiju krune zuba, što je potvrđeno u ovom istraživanju. Osobe s TS-om pokazuju opće pojednostavljenu morfologiju zuba u usporedbi s kontrolnim uzorkom, premda su neka obilježja izražena podjednako kao u kontrolnom uzorku. Učinci KS-a manje su jasni. Premda se u dosadašnjim istraživanjima sugerira da prekobrojni kromosom X povećava dimenzije zubne krune, u ovom istraživanju nije nađen značajan učinak na morfologiju krune zuba.Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) and Klinefelter syndrome (KS) represent the two most common X chromosome aneuploidies, each associated with systemic disruptions to growth and development. Effects of these conditions on tooth crown morphology are explored in a sample of Croatian individuals. Material and Methods: The sample included 57 TS, 37 KS and 88 control individuals. Dental crown morphology was scored on dental casts according to the Turner-Scott Dental Anthropology System. Results: Incisor shoveling and the hypocone were significantly different between TS individuals and both control and KS individuals. Individuals with TS exhibit lower grades of expression than either group. Furthermore, the number of lingual cusps on the mandibular premolars, the hypoconulid on the mandibular second molar, and cusp 7 on the mandibular first molar were significantly different, though pair-wise comparisons did not elucidate these differences. Tuberculum dentale, distal accessory ridge, and Carabelli’s trait were expressed similarly to the control. KS individuals were not significantly different from control individuals for any trait, though this may be related to sample size. Conclusions: Previous studies suggest the loss of an X chromosome has a reducing effect on dental crown morphology, which is confirmed in this research. TS individuals exhibit generally simpler dental morphology compared to the control sample, though some traits are expressed comparably to the control sample. The effects of KS are less clear. Though previous studies suggest that the presence of an extra X chromosome increases dental crown dimensions, there was no notable effect on crown morphology in this study

2015/16 seasonal vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with influenza a(H1N1)pdm09 and B among elderly people in Europe: Results from the I-MOVE+ project

We conducted a multicentre test-negative caseâ\u80\u93control study in 27 hospitals of 11 European countries to measure 2015/16 influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalised influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B among people aged â\u89¥ 65 years. Patients swabbed within 7 days after onset of symptoms compatible with severe acute respiratory infection were included. Information on demographics, vaccination and underlying conditions was collected. Using logistic regression, we measured IVE adjusted for potential confounders. We included 355 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases, 110 influenza B cases, and 1,274 controls. Adjusted IVE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 42% (95% confidence interval (CI): 22 to 57). It was 59% (95% CI: 23 to 78), 48% (95% CI: 5 to 71), 43% (95% CI: 8 to 65) and 39% (95% CI: 7 to 60) in patients with diabetes mellitus, cancer, lung and heart disease, respectively. Adjusted IVE against influenza B was 52% (95% CI: 24 to 70). It was 62% (95% CI: 5 to 85), 60% (95% CI: 18 to 80) and 36% (95% CI: -23 to 67) in patients with diabetes mellitus, lung and heart disease, respectively. 2015/16 IVE estimates against hospitalised influenza in elderly people was moderate against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B, including among those with diabetes mellitus, cancer, lung or heart diseases