Изоформы актина и неопл астическая трансформация

The cytoplasmic actins (β and γ) play crucial roles during key cellular processes like adhesion, migration, polarization and cytokinesis. The understanding of their specific underlying mechanisms would be of major relevance not only for fundamental research but also for clinical applications, since modulations of actin isoforms are directly or indirectly correlated with severe pathologies. The major goal of the research was to elucidate the function of the actin isoforms during motile activities, adhesions and cell division and to investigate whether their expression and/or structural organization is related to pathological function. Selective depletion of β- and γ-cytoplasmic actins allowed attributing functional diversities of β- and γ-сytoplasmic actins. β-Сytoplasmic actin plays a preferential role in contractile activities, whereas γ-cytoplasmic actin mainly participates in the formation of a submembranous network necessary for cell shape flexibility and motile activity. The roles of isoforms in regulating the integrity of adherens and tight junctions respectively were demonstrated. Unique roles of β- and γ-cytoplasmic actins in normal cells were shown. Similar results were obtained in cancer cells compared with normal epithelial cells in culture and in human pathological tissue sections of mammary gland, colon, lung and cervix. Malignant cell transformation requires changes in the ability of cells to migrate. The disruption of actin cytoskeleton and intercellular adhesions is an important component of the acquisition of invasive properties in epithelial malignancies.Цитоплазматические изоформы актина (β и γ) играют важную роль в ключевых клеточных процессах, таких как адгезия, миграция, поляризация и цитокинез. Понимание специфических механизмов, лежащих в основе этих процессов, является связующим звеном между фундаментальными и клиническими исследованиями, так как модуляции актиновых изоформ прямо или косвенно связаны с различными патологиями. Исследованию функций цитоплазматических изоформ актина, связанных с подвижностью и делением нормальных и опухолевых клеток, адгезионными структурами, а также изучению соответствия их экспрессии и / или структурной организации нормальным и патологическим функциям клеток посвящен данный обзор. Селективная редукция β- или γ-цитоплазматических актинов позволила определить функциональные различия между этими изоформами. Преимущественную роль в сократительных и адгезионных активностях играет β-актин, тогда как цитоплазматический γ-актин участвует в образовании подмембранной сети, необходимой для клеточной пластичности и подвижности. Определяющую роль в установлении и поддержании нормальной архитектуры и динамики эпителиальных плотных и адгезионных межклеточных контактов играет связь с актиновым цитоскелетом. Продемонстрирована уникальная роль β- и γ-актинов в регуляции и поддержании целостности адгезионных и плотных межклеточных контактов соответственно. Похожие результаты были получены при сравнении опухолевых клеток с нормальными эпителиальными клетками в культуре и на срезах патологических тканей молочной железы, кишечника, легких и шейки матки человека. Изоформ-специфичная перестройка актинового цитоскелета и адгезионных межклеточных контактов является важным шагом в приобретении инвазивности эпителиальными опухолями

Assessment of physicians’ and senior medical students’ knowledge in treatment of patients with community acquired pneumonia: Current results of the KNOCAP project

Introduction. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the most acute problems of bronchopulmonary pathology being the 4th in the mortality structure (after cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms) and the 1st among all fatalities from infectious diseases. Thanks to the scientific progress achieved in the antibiotic therapy and vaccine prophylaxis, the death toll has decreased four times compared to its rate during the “pre-antibiotic era“. However, nowadays there is a steadily increasing trend in the pneumonia mortality rate in Russia. The only possible way to increase efficacy of CAP treatment is timely initiated rational antibiotic therapy, considering the possible etiologies, risk factors and the severity of the patient’s condition. Materials and methods. The article represents the results of anonymous prospective surveys within the framework of the KNOCAP multi-centered research project aimed at accessing the knowledge on the fundamental issues in diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The survey involved 222 students in their fifth- and sixth years in medical institute from Belgorod, Dnepr (Dnipro), Voronezh, Kiev (Kyiv) and Saratov and 110 physicians from Krasnodar, Saratov, Belgorod and Dnepr.Results and discussion. According to the results of the survey, such levels of correct answers were given by doctors and students, respectively: the inadmissibility of antimicrobial therapy (AMT) delay in CAP - 82% and 59%; the main criterion for withholding AMT - 56% and 37%; “sequential therapy” - 61% and 59%. At the same time, only 24% of the students and 23% of the physicians surveyed correctly reported typical mistakes in the treatment of a non-severe CAP with 50% or more accuracy; and in case of initial treatment, the number of correct responses was less than 28% for students and 45% for doctors. Conclusion. The survey showed that both senior medical students majoring in Medical Care and general practitioners had a low level of knowledge in CAP treatment. Hence, curricula need to be adjusted both in medical universities and in health institutions for practitioners in order to inform them and, thus, improve the quality of their knowledge in this field

Comparative assessment of physicians’ and senior medical students’ basic knowledge in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common pathologies of the respira-tory system. This disease ranks third in the group of the main causes of death in the world. The effective treatment of COPD has been developed by today. However, a significant part of physicians has an insufficient amount of education in this matter

Assessment of physicians’ and senior medical students’ knowledge in treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Current results of the KNOCAP project

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the most acute problems of bronchopulmonary pathology being the 4th in the mortality structure (after cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms) and the 1st among all fatalities from infectious diseases. Thanks to the scientific progress achieved in the antibiotic therapy and vaccine prophylaxis, the death toll has decreased four times compared to its rate during the “pre-antibiotic era“. However, nowadays there is a steadily increasing trend in the pneumonia mortality rate in Russia. The only possible way to increase efficacy of CAP treatment is timely initiated rational antibiotic therapy, considering the possible etiologies, risk factors and the severity of the patient’s condition

Model of heat transfer in turbulent gravitational film flow

On the basis of the application (diffusion model and cell model) models of flow structure obtained an expression for the calculation of the efficiency of water decarbonisation in the packed bed.There is a satisfactory agreement between the results on the effectiveness of decarbonisation with the known data. The advantage of the above approach in this article, and the resulting expression to determine the effectiveness of water decarbonization, is the ability to perform calculations of new nozzles for which there is no experimental data on the effectiveness of decarbonization

Gaucher disease type 2 (case report)

The article describes a rare clinical case of Gaucher disease in a 5 month old girl, confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. In the presented clinical case, there is a onset of lysosomal accumulation disease, which is accompanied by changes in the clinical analysis of blood (anemia, thrombocytopenia), hepatosplenomegaly, congenital malformations (open arterial duct, open oval window) and severe neurologic deficit