Family Violence against Women: How Does Ethiopian Law Compare with International Definitions?

With the recognition of family violence by the United Nations as a human rights abuse in the 1990s, the issue of family violence has achieved a much greater profile in terms of law and policy development in many countries. However, unfortunately, in Ethiopia so far no serious steps have been taken in this direction. The evidence of growing incidence of family violence against women in the country is a clear indication that the general Criminal Law provisions are failing to combat this social evil. In this background, this paper discusses the enormity of the problem of FVAW in the Ethiopian society, shows the inadequacy of the relevant legal provisions under the Ethiopian laws in the light of the international legal instruments and special laws of prominent countries, and emphasizes on the immediate need for the enactment of special law to prevent family violence in Ethiopia.Key words: Family, definition

Competition between Superconductivity and Charge Density Wave Ordering in the Lu5_5Ir4_4(Si1−x_{1-x}Gex_x)10_{10} Alloy System

We have performed bulk measurements such as dc magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity and heat capacity on the pseudo-ternary alloys Lu$_5$Ir$_4$(Si$_{1-x}$Ge$_x$)$_{10}$ to study the interplay and competition between superconductivity and the charge density wave (CDW) ordering transition. We track the evolution of the superconducting transition temperature T$_{SC}$ and the CDW ordering temperature T$_{CDW}$ as a function of x (concentration of Ge) ($0.0 \leq x\leq~1.0$). We find that increasing x (increasing disorder) suppresses the T$_{CDW}$ rapidly with the concomitant increase in T$_{SC}$. We present a temperature-concentration (or volume) phase diagram for this system and compare our results with earlier work on substitution at the Lu or Ir site to show how dilution at the Si site presents a different situation from these other works. The heat capacity data in the vicinity of the CDW transition has been analyzed using a model of critical fluctuations in addition to a mean-field contribution and a smooth lattice background. We find that the critical exponents change appreciably with increasing disorder. This analysis suggests that the strong-coupling and non mean-field like CDW transition in the parent compound Lu$_5$Ir$_4$Si$_{10}$ changes to a mean-field like transition with increasing Ge concentration.Comment: 14 pages and 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

An M^x/G(a,b)/1 queue with breakdown and delay time to two phase repair under multiple vacation

In this paper, we consider an Mx /G(a,b)/1 queue with active breakdown and delay time to two phase repair under multiple vacation policy. A batch of customers arrive according to a compound Poisson process. The server serves the customers according to the “General Bulk Service Rule” (GBSR) and the service time follows a general (arbitrary) distribution. The server is unreliable and it may breakdown at any instance. As the result of breakdown, the service is suspended, the server waits for the repair to start and this waiting time is called as „delay time‟ and is assumed to follow general distribution. Further, the repair process involves two phases of repair with different general (arbitrary) repair time distributions. Immediately after the repair, the server is ready to start its remaining service to the customers. After each service completion, if the queue length is less than \u27a\u27, the server will avail a multiple vacation of random length. In the proposed model, the probability generating function of the queue size at an arbitrary and departure epoch in steady state are obtained using the supplementary variable technique. Various performance indices, namely mean queue length, mean waiting time of the customers in the queue etc. are obtained. In order to validate the analytical approach, we compute numerical results

2,4-Dimethyl-N-(4-methyl­phen­yl)benzene­sulfonamide

The asymmetric unit of the crystal of the title compound, C15H17NO2S, contains two independent mol­ecules, which are twisted at the S—N bonds with C—SO2—NH—C torsion angles of 48.3 (2) (mol­ecule 1) and −75.7 (3)° (mol­ecule 2). The dihedral angles between the benzene rings are 72.0 (1) (mol­ecule 1) and 78.3 (1)° (mol­ecule 2). The crystal structure features inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

ACP BASED ANONYMOUS SECURE GROUP COMMUNICATION

-Anonymous secure group communication is a new research and application paradigm. In this paper Anonymity between two-party communication, Access control polynomial to multi-part group communication, group key management for secure group communication and secure set concepts has been proposed. Newly extended scheme enforces Anonymous group membership, group size, Anonymous group communication and group message broadcasting. The experimental results and comparisons with existing system show that the ACP scheme is elegant, flexible, efficient and practical

N-(3,5-Dichloro­phen­yl)-4-methyl­benzene­sulfonamide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C13H11Cl2NO2S, the conformation of the N—C bond in the C—SO2—NH—C segment is gauche with respect to the SO bonds. The two benzene rings are tilted by 79.6 (1)° relative to each other. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur

N-(3,4-Dichloro­phen­yl)-2,4-dimethyl­benzene­sulfonamide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C14H13Cl2NO2S, the configurations of the N—C bond with respect to the S=O bonds are trans and gauche. The mol­ecule is bent at the S atom with a C—SO2—NH—C torsion angle of −69.7 (2)°. The conformation of the N—H bond is syn to the 3-chloro group in the substituted aniline ring. The two benzene rings are tilted with respect to each other by 82.4 (1)°. The presence of N—H⋯O(S) hydrogen bonding packs the mol­ecules into supra­molecular chains along the b axis

On rr-extendability of the hypercube Q\sb n

summary:A graph having a perfect matching is called $r$-extendable if every matching of size $r$ can be extended to a perfect matching. It is proved that in the hypercube $Q_n$, a matching $S$ with $|S|\leq n$ can be extended to a perfect matching if and only if it does not saturate the neighbourhood of any unsaturated vertex. In particular, $Q_n$ is $r$-extendable for every $r$ with $1\leq r\leq n-1.

Obstetric outcome of antenatal mother with history of spontaneous abortion attending a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry

Background: The pregnancy time is critical for both the mother’s and the baby’s health. The most common unfavourable pregnancy outcome is spontaneous abortion. Spontaneous pregnancy loss is a surprisingly common event, with roughly 15% of all clinically diagnosed pregnancies ending in pregnancy failure. Couples who suffer from frequent miscarriages may find it difficult to cope physically and emotionally. This study was planned to evaluate the association of preterm delivery, low birth weight, IUGR, recurrence of abortion, still birth, IUD, PROM, or any other adverse outcome in patients with history of previous spontaneous abortions. Objectives were to look for association between previous spontaneous abortion and preterm delivery, low birth weight, IUGR, recurrence of abortion, stillbirth, IUD, PROM and other complications in subsequent pregnancies. Methods: This was a prospective observational study done with 150 samples. The information such as demographic data of the antenatal women, clinical history, past obstetrics history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations and outcome of present pregnancy were collected and evaluated. Results: Maternal complications such as UTI (4.6%), Infection and fever (5.3%), PROM (2.7%), PPH (4%), hyperemesis 4%, PPROM 2.7% were observed. In study population, 60% of the foetus were in cephalic position, 19% in breech presentation and 21% in shoulder presentation.  29% of the women had preterm delivery, 34% were delivered by LSCS and 6% had spontaneous abortions. Low birth weight babies delivered in 25% cases. Foetal distress was observed in 15%, FGR in 9%, still birth in 3% and IUD in 1%. Conclusions: Women with previous spontaneous abortion are associated with a higher incidence of preterm delivery, cesarean section rate, neonatal low birth weight, fetal distress and high possibility of infection. Therefore, patients with previous spontaneous miscarriage represent a high-risk population for obstetric complication and close surveillance during the antenatal period is required