The Improvement of Buildings and Infrastructure Condition to Anticipate Degradation Process of Fish-smoking Centre in Bandarharjo, Semarang

The fish-smoking area in Bandarharjo is one of the significant industrial centers that processes fish as coastal resources. Its existence is crucial to support the characteristic of Semarang as a coastal city. The fish-smoking area, located on the bank of Semarang River, has existed since 1986. Local people keep maintaining the activities of smoking fish regardless the poor physical condition of the buildings and environmental infrastructure as a result of the high tide. In order to maintain the sustainability of fish-smoking activities, a research on the convenience of working space, physical condition of the building, and environmental infrastructure is needed. Considering that fish-smoking industry can provide jobs for low educated people and produce alternative food for the people living in Semarang, therefore, the degrading condition of the buildings and environment in Bandarhardjo needs to be anticipated by applying the concept of space, building and environmental infrastructure quality improvement

Incidence and prevalence of diabetes and cost of illness analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome: a Bayesian modelling study

STUDY QUESTION: What is the incidence/prevalence of type 2 diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the economic burden associated with PCOS in the UK? SUMMARY ANSWER: The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in women with PCOS are 3-33 per 1000 person years and 26.5%, respectively, with an associated annual healthcare burden of at least £237 million in the UK. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Although observational studies have been designed to assess the incidence of diabetes in women with PCOS, these have been open to criticism because of short periods of follow-up, small sample sizes or invalidated diagnosis of PCOS. Only one study has estimated the healthcare-related economic burden of PCOS, reporting a cost of $4.36 billion per year in the USA. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This was a modelling study using individual patient data from a UK primary care database between 2004 and 2014 and aggregate data from the literature to obtain conversion rates through disease progression of PCOS. A simulation approach was applied to model the population dynamics of PCOS over a follow-up period of 25 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A total of 14 135 women with PCOS or symptoms indicative of PCOS were selected from the primary care database to estimate the incidence of confirmed diagnosis of PCOS and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. A 'virtual' cohort including the entire PCOS population (size estimated from the UK census data) was simulated to model the population dynamics of PCOS. The economic and utility analyses were further conducted from a healthcare perspective. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The peak conversion rate from possible to diagnosed PCOS was 121 per 1000 person-year (PY). The maximal incidence of type 2 diabetes was 33 per 1000 PY. The estimated prevalence of diabetes in the PCOS population was 26.5% (95% interval: 25.4-27.8%) during a 25-year follow-up. The annual healthcare burden of PCOS based on our conservative estimate is at least £237 million for the follow-up period examined. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Due to lack of data, a full economic evaluation including healthcare costs of all the comorbidities associated with PCOS was not possible. Simplification of the real-world situation represented by the model may be a concern. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study suggests that a large number of women with symptoms indicative of PCOS never receive a definitive diagnosis yet can suffer from a rapid conversion to diabetes. This significantly reduces the quality of life for individual patients and incurs high costs for healthcare providers. As the risk of diabetes in women with PCOS is similar to that seen in populations at high risks of diabetes, it is possible that including them in national screening programmes may be cost effective. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): There was no funding for the current study. There are no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Not applicable

Is auditory discrimination mature by middle childhood? A study using time-frequency analysis of mismatch responses from 7 years to adulthood

Behavioural and electrophysiological studies give differing impressions of when auditory discrimination is mature. Ability to discriminate frequency and speech contrasts reaches adult levels only around 12 years of age, yet an electrophysiological index of auditory discrimination, the mismatch negativity (MMN), is reported to be as large in children as in adults. Auditory ERPs were measured in 30 children (7 to 12 years), 23 teenagers (13 to 16 years) and 32 adults (35 to 56 years) in an oddball paradigm with tone or syllable stimuli. For each stimulus type, a standard stimulus (1000 Hz tone or syllable [ba]) occurred on 70% of trials, and one of two deviants (1030 or 1200 Hz tone, or syllables [da] or [bi]) equiprobably on the remaining trials. For the traditional MMN interval of 100–250 ms post-onset, size of mismatch responses increased with age, whereas the opposite trend was seen for an interval from 300 to 550 ms post-onset, corresponding to the late discriminative negativity (LDN). Time-frequency analysis of single trials revealed that the MMN resulted from phase-synchronization of oscillations in the theta (4–7 Hz) range, with greater synchronization in adults than children. Furthermore, the amount of synchronization was significantly correlated with frequency discrimination threshold. These results show that neurophysiological processes underlying auditory discrimination continue to develop through childhood and adolescence. Previous reports of adult-like MMN amplitudes in children may be artefactual results of using peak measurements when comparing groups that differ in variance

Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome in the UK (2004-2014): a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in UK primary care and investigate prescribing patterns before and after a PCOS diagnosis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: UK primary care (2004-2014). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 15-45 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence and prevalence of diagnosed PCOS and probable PCOS (ie, those without a confirmed diagnosis but with at least 2 PCOS features recorded within 3 years). Among women with diagnosed or probable PCOS, the prevalence of prescribing of drugs typically used to treat PCOS was calculated prior to and in the 24 months after the diagnosis of PCOS. RESULTS: We identified 7233 women with PCOS diagnoses and 7057 women with records suggestive of probable PCOS, corresponding to incidence rates of 0.93 and 0.91 per 1000 person-years at risk (PYAR) and an overall rate of 1.84 per 1000 PYAR. Women aged 20-24 years and women living in deprived areas had the highest incidence of PCOS. The prevalence of PCOS in 2014 was ∼2%. The proportion of women with a prescription in the 24 months after their PCOS index date varied by drug type: 10.2% metformin, 15.2% combined oral contraceptives, 18.8% acne-related treatments, 1.93% clomiphene, 1.0% spironolactone, 0.28% cyproterone and 3.11% eflornithine. Acne-related treatments were more commonly used to treat probable (28.3%) than diagnosed (12.3%) cases, while metformin was prescribed much more commonly in diagnosed cases. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, compared to rates estimated in community samples, the incidence and prevalence of women presenting in primary care with PCOS diagnoses and features are low, indicating that PCOS is an under-recognised condition. Although considerable variation is observed in treatments prescribed to women with PCOS, the treatments initiated following a confirmed diagnosis generally reflect the long-term prognostic concerns raised in PCOS consensuses

Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Pada Pekerja Home Industry Konveksi X Tangerang Selatan

Penyakit musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) menjadi penyebab utama dalam Years Lived Disability (YLD) sebesar 17% di seluruh dunia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian MSDs. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross sectional, dengan sampel 30 pekerja konveksi. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan lembar observasi pengukuran REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assesment), dan kuesioner Nordic Body Map. Berdasarkan penilaian REBA ada 23 pekerja pada tingkat risiko sedang (76,7%), 5 pekerja (16,7%) pada tingkat risiko tinggi dan 2 pekerja pada tingkat risiko rendah (6,7%). Berdasarkan keluhan MSDs sebesar 63,3% mengalami keluhan sedang dan 36,7% pekerja mengalami keluhan ringan. Ada hubungan usia (p value=0,000), masa kerja (p value=0,000), aktivitas fisik (p value=0,009), postur kerja (p value=0,041) dengan kejadian MSDs. Tidak ada hubungan jenis kelamin (p value=0,425), kebiasaan merokok (p value=0,425) dengan kejadian MSDs. Banyak mengeluhkan terkait punggung, pinggang, bahu kanan, dan bokong mereka

Pengaruh Main Entrance Terhadap Aksesibilitas Pengunjung Rumah Sakit Studi Kasus: Koridor Jl. Dr. Soetomo Dan Jl. Kariadi Semarang

. RSUP1 Dr. Kariadi Semarang serves as a general hospital for the regional of Jawa Tengah. The hospital environment, as public facility, provides health care and intensive care for society. Kariadi Street and Dr.Soetomo Street are the major road that can access RSUP1 Dr.Kariadi environment. In year 2010, there was an increase volume of health services and function program that carried out by hospital. Therefore, main entrance is designed based on the bay system that could accommodate 2-3 cars. By the existence of main entrance on Kariadi Street, it could attract the street vendors to set up a tent on the pedestrian ways. On the otherhand, at Dr.Soetomo corridor, there are taxi stands around the main entrance to accomodate the passengers.Main entrance has been predicted has an influence the accessibility of visitors to the hospital environment. The result of this research is there are some influences and relations between main entrance to the hospital visitors' accessibility. There are no significant differences between the visitors' accessibility of main entrance group on Dr. Soetomo Street and Kariadi Street. There is an additional of health service function which will increase the number of visitors of Dr. Kariadi Hospital either in or out at the main entrance

Mismatch Response to Polysyllabic Nonwords: A Neurophysiological Signature of Language Learning Capacity

Background: The ability to repeat polysyllabic nonwords such as ‘‘blonterstaping’’ has frequently been shown to correlate with language learning ability but it is not clear why such a correlation should exist. Three alternative explanations have been offered, stated in terms of differences in: (a) perceptual ability; (b) efficiency of phonological loop functioning; (c) preexisting vocabulary knowledge and/or articulatory skills. In the present study, we used event-related potentials to assess the contributions from these three factors to explaining individual variation in nonword repetition ability. Methodology/Principal Findings: 59 adults who were subdivided according to whether they were good or poor nonwordrepeaters participated. Electrophysiologically measured mismatch responses were recorded to changes in consonants as participants passively listened to a repeating four syllable CV-string. The consonant change could occur in one of four positions along the CV-string and we predicted that: (a) if nonword repetition depended purely on auditory discrimination ability, then reduced mismatch responses to all four consonant changes would be observed in the poor nonword-repeaters, (b) if it depended on encoding or decay of information in a capacity-limited phonological store, then a position specific decrease in mismatch response would be observed, (c) if neither cognitive capacity was involved, then the two groups of participants would provide equivalent mismatch responses. Consistent with our second hypothesis, a position specific difference located on the third syllable was observed in the late discriminative negativity (LDN) window (230–630 ms postsyllable onset). Conclusions/Significance: Our data thus confirm that people who are poorer at nonword repetition are less efficient in early processing of polysyllabic speech materials, but this impairment is not attributable to deficits in low level auditory discrimination. We conclude by discussing the significance of the observed relationship between LDN amplitude and nonword repetition ability and describe how this relatively little understood ERP component provides a biological window onto processes required for successful language learning

Peranan Pembayangan pada Courtyard terhadap Pengendalian Suhu Permukaan (Studi Kasus Gedung Widya Puraya Universitas Diponegoro Semarang)

Courtyard merupakan komponen bangunan sejak lampau yang memiliki fungsi sebagai elemen estetika di dalam bangunan juga berperan dalam usaha menciptakan sistem pengkondisian udara dan pencahayaan alami. Sebagai bukaan tentunya penetrasi radiasi matahari langsung ke dalam bangunan tidak dapat di hindari akan tetapi dengan bentuk struktur yang khas dari courtyard ditambah dengan ketersediaan elemen vegetasi akan membentuk bidang-bidang bayangan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemaparan hasil penelitian mengenai sejauh mana peranan pembayangan pada courtyard dalam mereduksi peningkatan suhu permukaan akibat dari penetrasi radiasi matahari. Metode yang digunakan pada penilitan ini adalah analisis secara kualitatif terhadap data kuantitatif hasil observasi dan pengukuran langsung terhadap obyek studi.  Dari hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa variasi bidang pembayangan dan durasi pembayangan pada area courtyard gedung Widya Puraya Universitas Diponego dapat mengendalikan peningkatan suhu permukaan yang dipengaruhi oleh durasi puncak peningkatan suhu permukaan.   Kata Kunci : Pembayangan, Courtyard, Suhu Permukaa