Aflatoxin M Determination in Infant Formulae Distributed in Monterrey, Mexico

The occurrence of aflatoxin M (AFM) in infant formulae commercialized in the metropolitan area of Monterrey (Nuevo León, Mexico) was determined by using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by HPLC determination with fluorimetric detection. For this, 55 infant formula powders were classified in two groups, starter (49 samples) and follow-on (6 samples) formulae. Eleven of the evaluated samples (20%) presented values above the permissible limit set by the European Union for infant formulae (25 ng/L), ranging from 40 to 450 ng/L. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for AFM was determined employing the average body weight (bw) of the groups of age in the ranges of 0-6 and 6-12 months, and 1-2 years. The results evidenced high intake values, ranging from 1.56 to 14 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the group. Finally, with the EDI value, the carcinogenic risk index was determined, presenting a high risk for all the evaluated groups. Based on these results, it is a necessary extra effort by the regulatory agencies to reduce the AFM presence in infant formulae consumed in Mexico

CAMBIOS EN LA CALIDAD DE LA DIETA EN FAMILIAS DE UN ESTADO DEL NORESTE DE MEXICO; ANALISIS COMPARATIVO DE LA INGESTA DE NUTRIMENTOS

La evaluación de la ingesta de energía y nutrientes es esencial en el estudio del estado nutricional de grupos vulnerables al contribuir a la identificación de riesgos nutricionales, el propósito de la investigación, fue determinar si había diferencias en el Índice de Ingesta de Macronutrimentos en familias de Nuevo León en el año 2005 con respecto al año 2000. Solo se encontró aumento en la ingesta promedio de las grasas (p<0.05), asimismo, fue el único macronutrimento que rebasó la recomendación con respecto a la proporción que le corresponde en el aporte de la energía consumida, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la adecuación de las ingestas a las ingestas recomendadas en proteínas (p<0.05) e hidratos de carbono (p<0.05), asimismo se encontraron disminución en la proporción de familias con ingesta deficiente (p<0.05) y aumento en estrato de exceso (p<0.05). El índice de macronutrimentos fue útil para determinar los cambios ocurridos en la calidad de la dieta de las familias estudiadas de manera global. Abstract The evaluation of energy intake and nutrients is essential to study the nutritional status of vulnerable groups to assist in the identification of nutritional risk, the purpose of the research was to determine whether there were differences in macronutrient intake index in families of Nuevo Leon in 2005 compared to 2000. There was only increased the average intake of fat (p <0.05) also was the only macronutrient that exceeded the recommendation with respect to the proportional interest in the contribution of energy consumed, significant differences in the adaptation intakes than the recommended intake of protein (p <0.05) and carbohydrates (p <0.05), also found a decrease in the proportion of families with inadequate intake (p <0.05) and increased excess layer (p <0.05). The rate of macronutrients was useful in determining changes in the quality of the diet of the families studied comprehensively. Palabras clave: ingesta, nutrimentos, calidad de diet

CONSUMO DE MACRONUTRIMENTOS E INGRESO ECONÓMICO EN FAMILIAS DE NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO

Diseñar el índice de consumo de macronutrimentos y establecer la posible asociación con el ingreso económico en familias del Estado de Nuevo León, México. Estudio observacional, transversal, se seleccionaron 7,607 familias pertenecientes al estudio nutricional Diagnostico Nutriológico De Las Familias Y Menores De 5 Años De Edad Del Estado De Nuevo León En El 2000. Para el diseño del índice se tomaron tres indicadores, la adecuación de la ingesta de proteínas, hidratos de carbono y grasas, obtenidos por la ingesta de estos nutrimentos a nivel familiar en relación a las ingestas recomendadas obtenidas por la metodología (CEPAL/OMS), utilizando las recomendaciones del INN para población mexicana. Para evaluar si había asociación entre el índice de consumo de macronutrimentos y el ingreso económico se utilizó Prueba de Ji2 y Correlación de Pearson. El estrato medio de ingreso contiene al 72%, el 20% están contenidas en el estrato bajo y el en estrato alto se ubica solo un 8.0%. El ICM en las 7,606 familias mostró que el 44.6% de las familias encuestadas tienen un ICM bajo, el 38.6% tiene un ICM en exceso y el 16.8% tienen ICM adecuado. El ICM está asociado al ingreso. El Índice de consumo de macronutrimentos puede ser una herramienta útil para identificar poblaciones o grupos de personas en riesgo nutricio basado en la calidad de la dieta. El ICM está asociado al ingreso monetario en las familias estudiadas.Palabras clave: Índice de macronutrimentos, ingreso, familias.Macronutrients Consumption Index, economic income, familie

The blaSHV-5 gene is encoded in a compound transposon duplicated in tandem in Enterobacter cloacae

AbstractThe presence of blaSHV-5 is described in a compound transposon, duplicated in tandem and flanked by IS26 copies on a 70-kb conjugative plasmid (pHNM1), in an Enterobacter cloacae strain associated with a nosocomial outbreak that occurred in Mexico

SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA EN FAMILIAS DE NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO

La seguridad alimentaria se puede analizar a partir de información generada para otros objetivos, sin embargo lo deseable es que esa información sea creada con la finalidad de analizar, desarrollar programas y crear políticas alimentarias, en Nuevo León, México, se realizan investigaciones poblacionales pero ninguna de ellas enfoca directamente el aspecto de la seguridad alimentaria de manera que los resultados e inferencias se determinan de otras investigaciones y bases de datos. La seguridad alimentaria es una condición dinámica en  la que se incluyen a los factores sociales, la falta de seguridad alimentaria en general no es un problema de producción sino a la falta de “Derecho alimentario” que significa falta de recursos para adquirirlos. Las fuentes de información que sustentan la seguridad alimentaria nutricional son variadas pero deben permitir el seguimiento de la situación alimentaria, entre otros, la vigilancia nutricional y alimentaria es la más frecuente a través de encuestas cualitativas y cuantitativas. En el análisis de la seguridad alimentaria en Nuevo León se utilizaron los componentes de disponibilidad alimentaria, acceso alimentario y otros indicadores tales como:peso al nacer, estado nutricio en menores de cinco años, patrón de consumo alimentario, índice de marginación, intervenciones en nutrición.Palabras calves: seguridad alimentaria, familias, Nuevo León, México Nourishing security, families, Nuevo León, Méxic

Evidence of cross gene regulation of some virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Streptococcus intermedius

Periodontal disease has been associated with poor dental care, which promotes the accumulation of bacteria and the development of diseases of the mouth. Porphyromonas gingivalis are anaerobic Gramnegative bacteria found in the subgingival plaque. They are largely responsible for chronic periodontal disease. Streptococcus intermedius is a Gram positive coccus found in the supragingival plaque. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the expression of several virulence genes of P. gingivalis in a mixed culture with S. intermedius using qPCR and heterologous microarrays. P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and W83 and S. intermedius ATCC 27335 strains were cultured and total RNA was extracted using the High Pure RNA isolation kit. Oligodeoxynucleotides were designed to make multiple comparisons with organisms. Microarray was performed to identify gene expression. To quantify gene expression, cDNA samples from three different P. gingivalis:S. intermedius ratios were diluted 10-1, 10-2 and 10-3. The microarray experiment indicated that in P. gingivalis, 29 genes were upregulated. The putative function of upregulated genes was the biosynthesis of different metabolic pathways. Heterologous microarrays are a new approach that are useful for investigating gene expression.Keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus intermedius, periodontal disease, virulence genes, cross gene regulation.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(28), pp. 4498-450

REFLEXIONES SOBRE DERECHO, ACCESO Y DISPONIBILIDAD DE ALIMENTOS

La nutrición es el factor más fuertemente relacionado para determinar el estado de salud de la población, interviene en las esferas, biológica, psicológica y social; en la esfera social se relaciona con el aspecto de economía, puesto que la población bien alimentada tiene capacidad de incrementar las actividades productivas y desarrollo de las naciones. Todos los seres humanos tienen derecho a la alimentación, por lo tanto el Gobierno  tiene la obligación de otorgarla a través de un buen acceso. La seguridad alimentaria es una estrategia que puede ayudar a contribuir en el mejoramiento del estado nutricional de la población.Palabras clave: seguridad alimentaria, acceso,disponibilidadnourishing security, access, availabilit

Antimicrobial Activity of a Cationic Guanidine Compound against Two Pathogenic Oral Bacteria

This study evaluated the potential antimicrobial properties of a polyguanidine (CatDex) on two oral bacteria. Chlorhexidine gluconate 1340 μmoL L−1 (CHX 0.12%) was used as control. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) were grown in BHI media. Bacterial sensitivity and antimicrobial activity were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Kirby-Bauer methods. To study side effects, that is, toxicity, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were used. Fluorometric cytotoxicity and confocal microscopy assays were used in order to test cell viability. CatDex inhibited growth of S. mutans at all concentrations and growth of P. gingivalis at all concentrations except 25 μmoL L−1. The MIC of CatDex was 50 μmoL L−1 for both S. mutans and P. gingivalis. The inhibition of bacteria exposed for 8 h at 50 μmoL L−1 of CatDex exhibited increased antimicrobial activity over time, with 91% inhibition in both bacteria. The antimicrobial activities of CatDex and CHX were similar when tested on two common bacteria. CatDex was significantly less toxic to DPSCs. CatDex toxicity depended on time and not on concentration. With regard to clinical relevance, CatDex may have potential as a novel antimicrobial agent. Further studies are in progress

Genomic epidemiology of NDM-1-encoding plasmids in latin American clinical isolates reveals insights into the evolution of multidrug resistance

Bacteria that produce the broad-spectrum Carbapenem antibiotic NewDelhi Metallo-b-lactamase (NDM) place a burden on health care systems worldwide, due to the limited treatment options for infections caused by them and the rapid global spread of this antibiotic resistancemechanism.Although it is believed that theassociated resistancegenebla NDM-1 originated inAcinetobacter spp., the role of Enterobacteriaceae in its dissemination remains unclear. In this study, we usedwhole genome sequencing to investigate the dissemination dynamics of blaNDM-1-positive plasmids in a set of 21 clinical NDM-1-positive isolates from Colombia and Mexico (Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii) aswell as six representative NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli transconjugants. Additionally, the plasmids from three representative P. rettgeri isolates were sequenced by PacBio sequencing and finished. Our results demonstrate the presence of previously reported plasmids from K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in different genetic backgrounds and geographically distant locations in Colombia. Three new previously unclassified plasmids were also identified in P. rettgeri from Colombia and Mexico, plus an interesting genetic link between NDM-1-positive P. rettgeri from distant geographic locations (Canada, Mexico, Colombia, and Israel) without any reported epidemiological links was discovered. Finally, we detected a relationship between plasmids present in P. rettgeri and plasmids from A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae. Overall, our findings suggest a Russian dollmodel for the dissemination of blaNDM-1 in LatinAmerica,with P. rettgeri playing a central role in this process, andrevealnewinsights into the evolution and disseminationof plasmids carrying such antibiotic resistance genes

Acute Variceal Bleeding: Does Octreotide Improve Outcomes in Patients with Different Functional Hepatic Reserve?

Background. Current guidelines do not differentiate in the utilization of vasoactive drugs in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding (AVB) depending on liver disease severity. Material and methods. In this retrospective study, clinical outcomes in 100 patients receiving octreotide plus endoscopic therapy (ET) and 216 patients with ET alone were compared in terms of failure to control bleeding, in-hospital mortality, and transfusion requirements stratifying the results according to liver disease severity by Child-Pugh (CP) score and MELD. Results. In patients with CP-A or those with MELD < 10 octreotide was not associated with a better outcome compared to ET alone in terms of hospital mortality (CP-A: 0.0 vs. 0.0%; MELD < 10: 0.0 vs. 2.9%, p = 1.00), failure to control bleeding (CP-A: 8.7 vs. 3.7%, p = 0.58; MELD < 10: 5.3 vs. 4.3%, p = 1.00) and need for transfusion (CP-A: 39.1 vs. 61.1%, p = 0.09; MELD < 10: 63.2 vs. 62.9%, p = 1.00). Those with severe liver dysfunction in the octreotide group showed better outcomes compared to the non-octreotide group in terms of hospital mortality (CP-B/C: 3.9 vs. 13.0%, p = 0.04; MEL