Supplementary report to the final report of the coral reef expert group: S2. Practical taxonomy for RIMReP coral reef monitoring — macroalgae

[Extract] This report reviews the benefits and limitations of seven assessment and classification schemes for macroalgae that have been applied in coral reef monitoring. It provides recommendations for a practical scheme of algae identification for use in the Reef 2050 Integrated Monitoring and Reporting Program (RIMReP).An accessible copy of this report is not yet available from this repository, please contact [email protected] for more information

Seasonality in algal assemblages on upwelling-influenced coral reefs in the colombian caribbean

Seasonal changes of benthic algal assemblages have been Studied mainly in temperate and sub-tropical areas. It is not clear how natural processes contribute to the seasonal dynamics of algal assemblages on coral reefs, particularly in areas influenced by relatively cold upwelling waters. To investigate the seasonality in algal assemblages we monitored the percent cover of species and algal groups over one year (1994-1995) at two rocky-coral reefs at depths of 9-12 m on the Colombian Caribbean coast (Bahia Chengue,Tayrona National Natural Park, TNNP). The presence of relatively cold waters with temperatures of 25 degreesC and salinities of 36 ppt is indicative of upwelling events, while warm waters of 28-29 degreesC and salinities of 33 ppt indicate the rainy seasons in the area. The algal assemblage changed in composition and abundance throughout the year with a bimodal cover pattern observed for macroalgae and turf algae. During the rainy seasons (May to June and October to December) the assemblage was dominated by algal turfs (up to 43 % cover) and showed low macroalgal cover (< 20 %). In contrast, during the two upwelling periods (February and July to August) it was dominated by macroalgae (up to 44 % cover). Cover of brown macroalgae Dictyota spp. (mainly D. bartayresiana) declined from &AP; 34 % during the upwelling to only 5 % in the non-upwelling rainy seasons. Environmental data revealed a significant inverse correlation between water temperature and macroalgal cover, suggesting that increases in macroalgae are favoured by the presence of cold, upwelling events. It is likely that upwelling events bring nutrient rich waters that stimulate macroalgal growth, however, the role of nutrients regulating the abundance of macroalgae in the TNNP is yet to be investigated. The results of this study support the argument that benthic algal assemblages of coral reefs are a highly dynamic component of these ecosystems

The role of scattered trees and habitat diversity for biodiversity of Iberian dehesas

PosterWe studied 10 dehesas of CW Spain (40º 00’-10’ N, 06º 10’-20’ W), mapping every habitat according to a standardized protocol developed by the European BioBio project. We defined 35 habitat types, with 19 habitat types (split in 85 plots) per dehesa, on average. In one randomly selected plot per habitat type diversity of the four taxa, plants, bees, spiders and earthworms, were assessed. In total, 450 plant species (average of 189 per farm and 36 per habitat), 63 bee species (17.6 and 3.2), 130 spider species (43.8 and 7.4), and 17 earthworm species ( 7.8 and 2.5) were recorded. In each taxa, only some species were very abundant, while most of the species were found only in few farms/habitats. A high proportion of species (ca. 40%) were observed only in just one habitat per farm, indicating that farm biodiversity strongly depends on the habitat diversity. The analysis of unique and shared species among habitats revealed that every habitat contribute significantly to farm biodiversity. By contrast, species richness was poorly explained by the presence of scattered trees, whereas the combination of wood pastures and open pastures was a significant predictor. Summarizing, our extensive survey showed that diversity of the four taxa was strongly related to the existence of a wide mosaic of habitats, including non-productive habitats and linear elements, which harbor a disproportionate number of species compared to the low area occupied. Moreover, these habitats harbor a high number of exclusive species. As a next step, the importance of the spatial arrangement of main and non-productive habitats for biodiversity at the farm and landscape levels, need to be checked

Chapter 07: Vulnerability of macroalgae of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change

Assessing the vulnerability of benthic macroalgae is complicated by the fact that the taxon ‘algae’ is an unnatural (and, some suggest, outdated) grouping that encompasses several distinct and diverse evolutionary lines. Adl et al.3 suggest that ‘algae’ remains a useful functional term, denoting photosynthetic protists and their multicellular derivatives which are not embryophytes (higher plants), as well as cyanobacteria. However, they also show that ‘algae’, like ‘protists’, is not a formal taxon (and therefore should not be capitalised), nor a single, homogeneous group.This is Chapter 7 of Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment. The entire book can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/11017/13

In the quest of specific-domain ontology components for the semantic web

This paper describes an approach we have been using to identify specific-domain ontology components by using Self-Organizing Maps. These components are clustered together in a natural way according to their similarity. The knowledge maps, as we call them, show colored regions containing knowledge components that may be used to populate an specific-domain ontology. Later, these ontology may be used by software agents to carry out basic reasoning task on our behalf. In particular, we deal with the issue of not constructing the ontology from scratch, our approach helps us to speed up the ontology creation process

Cell wall organic matrix composition and biomineralization across reef-building coralline algae under global change.

OnlinePublCrustose coralline algae (CCA) are one of the most important benthic substrate consolidators on coral reefs through their ability to deposit calcium carbonate on an organic matrix in their cell walls. Discrete polysaccharides have been recognized for their role in biomineralization, yet little is known about the carbohydrate composition of organic matrices across CCA taxa and whether they have the capacity to modulate their organic matrix constituents amidst environmental change, particularly the threats of ocean acidification (OA) and warming. We simulated elevated pCO₂ and temperature (IPCC RCP 8.5) and subjected four mid-shelf Great Barrier Reef species of CCA to two months of experimentation. To assess the variability in surficial monosaccharide composition and biomineralization across species and treatments, we determined the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides present in the cell walls of surficial algal tissue and quantified calcification. Our results revealed dissimilarity among species' monosaccharide constituents, which suggests that organic matrices are composed of different polysaccharides across CCA taxa. We also found that species differentially modulate composition in response to ocean acidification and warming. Our findings suggest that both variability in composition and ability to modulate monosaccharide abundance may play a crucial role in surficial biomineralization dynamics under the stress of OA and global warming.Ellie Bergstrom, Jelle Lahnstein, Helen Collins, Tessa M. Page, Vincent Bulone, and Guillermo Diaz-Pulid

Network substrates of centromedian nucleus deep brain stimulation in generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), specifically thalamic DBS, has achieved promising results to reduce seizure severity and frequency in pharmacoresistant epilepsies, thereby establishing it for clinical use. The mechanisms of action are, however, still unknown. We evidenced the brain networks directly modulated by centromedian (CM) nucleus-DBS and responsible for clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients uniquely diagnosed with generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Preoperative imaging and long-term (2–11 years) clinical data from ten generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients (mean age at surgery = 30.8 ± 5.9 years, 4 female) were evaluated. Volume of tissue activated (VTA) was included as seeds to reconstruct the targeted network to thalamic DBS from diffusion and functional imaging data. CM-DBS clinical outcome improvement (> 50%) appeared in 80% of patients and was tightly related to VTAs interconnected with a reticular system network encompassing sensorimotor and supplementary motor cortices, together with cerebellum/brainstem. Despite methodological differences, both structural and functional connectomes revealed the same targeted network. Our results demonstrate that CM-DBS outcome in generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy is highly dependent on the individual connectivity profile, involving the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits. The proposed framework could be implemented in future studies to refine stereotactic implantation or the parameters for individualized neuromodulation

Fermented Goat’s Milk Consumption Improves Duodenal Expression of Iron Homeostasis Genes during Anemia Recovery

Despite the crucial roles of duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferritin light chain (Ftl1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (Hamp) in Fe metabolism, no studies have investigated the modulations of these genes during Fe repletion with fermented milks. Analysis included Fe status markers and gene and protein expression in enterocytes of control and anemic animals fed fermented milks. Fermented goat’s milk up-regulated enterocyte Dcytb, DMT1, FPN1, and Ftl1 and down-regulated TfR1 and Hamp gene expression in control and anemic animals. Anemia decreased Dcytb, DMT1, and Ftl1 in animals fed fermented cow’s milk and up-regulated TfR1 and Hamp expression. Fe overload down-regulated Dcytb and TfR1 in animals fed fermented cow’s milk and up-regulated DMT1 and FPN1 gene expression. Fermented goat’s milk increased expression of duodenal Dcytb, DMT1, and FPN1 and decreased Hamp and TfR1, improving Fe metabolism during anemia recovery

Doom and Boom on a Resilient Reef: Climate Change, Algal Overgrowth and Coral Recovery

Background: Coral reefs around the world are experiencing large-scale degradation, largely due to global climate change, overfishing, diseases and eutrophication. Climate change models suggest increasing frequency and severity of warming-induced coral bleaching events, with consequent increases in coral mortality and algal overgrowth. Critically, the recovery of damaged reefs will depend on the reversibility of seaweed blooms, generally considered to depend on grazing of the seaweed, and replenishment of corals by larvae that successfully recruit to damaged reefs. These processes usually take years to decades to bring a reef back to coral dominance