An epidemiologic study on urothelial carcinomas of bladder

Objectives: In this study, the epidemiological analysis of the bladder cancers was performed accompanied by the known environmental factors.Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, pathology archival materials of 420 patients (350 men (83.4%) and 70 women (16.6%)), consisting of bladder by transurethral resection, cystectomy and cystoprostatectomy specimens, histopathologically diagnosed as urothelial carcinoma and papillary urothelial neoplasia with low malignant potential, were included. For bladder carcinomas, the parameters such as tumor types, age, sex, and invasiveness of tumor were evaluated and analyzed.Results: In the study, it was found that 24.7% of papillary urothelial neoplasia with low malignant potential, 46.1% of low-grade urothelial carcinoma, and 29.0% of high grade urothelial carcinoma. The rate of bladder urothelial carcinomas was 5 times greater in men than in women. In addition, the high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma was seen more frequently in men than in women (31.2% and 23.1% respectively), while low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma was seen more frequently in women than in men (32.9% and 18.5% respectively) (p<0.05).Conclusion: The bladder urothelial carcinoma was more common in men than women, and high-grade urothelial carcinoma invading the lamina propria and the muscularis propria also found in a higher ratio in male. Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to explore the cause of high frequency of high-grade types in male gender

Evaluation of apoptosis along with bcl-2 and ki-67 expression in patients with intestinal metaplasia

The primary aim is to compare individuals with intestinal metaplasia (IM), chronic active gastritis (CAG), and normal gastric mucosa (NGM) in terms of apoptosis, proliferation, and Bcl-2 expression. The secondary aim is to determine whether these parameters are different between patients with and without gastric cancer in first-degree relatives. We enrolled 106 patients whose histopathological results were consistent with IM (n: 42), CAG (n: 51), or NGM (n: 13). Antral biopsies were immunohistochemically stained for Bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression. Apoptosis was detected using TUNEL assay. While no significant difference was determined between three groups with regard to apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression (p > 0.05), Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in the IM group when compared with the CAG and NGM groups (29.90 ± 22.87 vs. 18.18 ± 16.22 vs. 18.54 ± 20, respectively; p = 0.012). Helicobacter pylori was determined to increase apoptosis (49.3% vs. 25.7%, p < 0.05), nevertheless, it had no significant effect on proliferation and Bcl-2 expression. Bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression and apoptosis were not different among patients with and without a history of gastric cancer in first degree relatives. Although intestinal metaplasia cases demonstrate an increase in proliferation, no elevation is observed in apoptosis. This can be an important factor in the progression to gastric cancer

Nephrogenic Adenoma of the Urinary Tract in Pediatric Patients: A Report of 2 Cases

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a rare, benign proliferation of glands of the urinary tract, usually occurring as a result of chronic inflammation, trauma or other similar chronic injuries to the urothelial mucosa. We aimed to share two pediatric cases diagnosed with NA in our hospital between the years 2010 and 2016. The first case was polypoid type NA of the bladder and the second case was fibromyxoid NA of the urethra

Immunohistochemical expression profiles of MUC1 and MUC2 mucins in urothelial tumors of bladder

WOS: 000439282500010PubMed ID: 30004053Background: Mucins may show aberrant expression, localization, and/or glycosylation in multiple malignancies. However, information regarding expression of these mucins is mostly unknown in urothelial tumors. Aim: This study was conducted for examining the expressions of membrane associated and secreted mucin (MUC1) and a secreted gel-forming mucin (MUC2) in urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder. Subjects and Methods: Archival transurethral resection materials of 97 urothelial carcinoma cases were reexamined light microscopically and graded according to the 2004 WHO Classification. Pathological stage was given as pTa, pT1, and pT2. Demonstrative sections were recut for immunohistochemistry for MUC1 and MUC2. The results were statistically analyzed, and P 0.05). MUC1 staining pattern in papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential cases was more commonly apical and superficial (luminal cell layer only). Intermediate cells +/- basal cells or isolated cells or islands of tumor cells with cytoplasmic and/or circumferential membrane positivity for MUC1 and MUC2 were more commonly observed in both low- and high-grade carcinomas. The difference between groups in terms of MUC1 and MUC2 staining was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusions: The staining patterns of both mucins are different between urothelial papillary tumors and may be used to make a differentiation, especially for low-grade papillary urothelial lesions. This difference may also be important in the carcinomatous transformation of urothelial neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions

Clinicopathological significance of the proliferation markers Ki67, RacGAP1, and topoisomerase 2 alpha in breast cancer

WOS: 000382974300005PubMed ID: 27284123Objectives. The aims of this study are to evaluate expressions of Ki67, RacGAP1 (MgcRacGAP) and topoisomerase 2 alpha (TOP2a), the markers related with cell proliferation that have been proposed to affect the prognosis in the literature and correlate the results with clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer patients. Methods. Ki67, RacGAP1, and TOP2a antibodies were applied immunohistochemically to the tissue micrarray blocks of 457 female breast cancer patients. The results were correlated with clinical, prognostic, histopathological features, and other immunohistochemical findings (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], HER2, cytokeratin [CK]5/6, CK14, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] and vimentin), statistically. Results. Ki67 expression demonstrated direct correlation with TOP2a expression, mitotic count, tumor grade, geographic necrosis, basal-like phenotype. RacGAP1 expression was directly correlated with TOP2a expression, nipple invasion, and number of metastatic lymph nodes, and it was inversely correlated with PR expression. TOP2a expression was directly correlated with vimentin and Ki67 expressions, mitotic count, tumor grade, and geographic necrosis, and nipple invasion, and negatively correlated with ER and PR expressions. Higher TOP2a and Ki67 expressions were correlated with shorter overall survival. Higher TOP2a expression and RacGAP1 positivity were directly correlated with shorter disease-free survival. Conclusion. This study showed that the overexpressions of Ki67, RacGAP1, and TOP2a affect the prognosis adversely, thus to develop target therapies against RacGAP1 and TOP2a as well as using Ki67 as a part of routine pathology practice might be beneficial in breast cancer therapy and prediction of prognosis.Bozok University Scientific Research Projects Unit [2014TF/A92]The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported financially by Bozok University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No. 2014TF/A92)

Clinicopathological significance of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is claimed to be related with tumor development and progression of breast cancer with some conflicting results in the literature. The aims of the study are to investigate expression of IGF1R, and correlate with clinicopathological parameters to clarify the significance of IGF1R on breast cancer.MATERIAL AND METHODS: IGF1R and Ki67 were applied immunohistochemically to the tissue microarray sections of 370 female breast cancer patients. The results were correlated with clinical, prognostic, histopathological features, and other immunohistochemical findings [ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6, and CK14] statistically.RESULTS: IGF1R overexpression showed direct correlation with Ki67 index (P=0.028), HER2 positivity (P=0.001), mitotic count (P=0.004), tumor grade (P=0.015), and geographic necrosis (P=0.023); and negative correlation with ER positivity (P=0.003). There was statistically significant difference between IGF1R expression and the molecular subtypes (P<0.001), mostly HER2+ phenotype. IGF1R expression was found to be higher in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) than invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (P=0.036). Both IGF1R and Ki67 expression were negatively correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.020, P=0.023, respectively) and overall survival (OS) [P<0.001, each] rates. The inverse association between IGF1R overexpression and OS rate was also supported by multivariate analyses (P=0.025).CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of IGF1R was found to be directly correlated with shorter DFS and OS as well as some clinicopathological features associated with adverse prognosis such as higher Ki67 index, mitotic count, tumor grade, presence of geographic necrosis, HER2 positivity, ER negativity, HER2+ molecular subtype, histological tumor type of IDC rather than ILC. Thus, IGF1R might be considered as an useful target for comprehensive future anti-tumor therapy investigations. Additionally, using IGF1R as well as Ki67 as a part of routine pathology practice might be fruitful in breast cancer therapy and prediction of prognosis

GATA3 expression and its relationship with clinicopathological parameters in invasive breast carcinomas

WOS: 000397371700010PubMed ID: 28215639GATA3, as a transcription factor, is associated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression and necessary for luminal cell differentiation in mammary glands. Association of GATA3 expression with clinicopathological parameters, molecular subtypes of tumors, disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for breast carcinoma patients were evaluated in this study. We immunohistochemically stained GATA3, CK5/6, EGFR, CK14 and vimentin on tissue microarray blocks of 457 invasive breast carcinomas. Tumors are sub-classified as luminal A, luminal B, HER2 expressing, basal-like and null type according to their hormonal status with cerbB2, CK 5/6 and EGFR expressions. Follow-up data for 254 cases were obtained. 215/457 (47%) tumors were GATA3 positive. GATA3 expression was inversely correlated with mitotic count (p < 0.0001), nuclear grade (p = 0.001), histological grade (p = 0.001), tumor necrosis (p = 0.001), stromal lymphocytic response (p < 0.01), nipple invasion (p = 0.01), metastasis (p = 0.03), vimentin (p = 0.0003), EGFR (p = 0.015) and CK14 (p = 0.001) expressions; and directly associated with ER (p < 0.0001) and progesterone receptor (PR) (p < 0.0001) expressions. Luminal A carcinomas had the highest frequency for GATA-3 (140/245), however basal-like carcinomas had the lowest (1/42) (p < 0.0001). None of the medullary and metaplastic carcinomas expressed GATA3. GATA3 was associated with good DFS and OS (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0009) and was an independent prognostic factor for OS. GATA3 expression, regardless of the subtype, may have a prognostic significance for breast carcinomas through its ability to promote the differentiation of luminal progenitor cells

Heavy Metal Exposure in Alport Syndrome in an Adolescent: A Case Report: Heavy Metal Exposure in Alport Syndrome

Alport syndrome is an inherited glomerular disease characterized by hematuria, proteinuria,hypertension, progressive kidney failure, hearing loss, and ocular pathologies. It is causedby a mutation in COL4A3, COL4A4, or COL4A5 genes. A lamellar or uniformly thinnedglomerular basement membrane is a pathognomonic histologic appearance for Alportsyndrome. Light microscopy shows nonspecific findings, including mesangial matrixexpansion and hypercellularity. Renal tubules are other main components of the kidney and themajor sites in response to injuries. They are vulnerable to various conditions, such as hypoxia,proteinuria, and nephrotoxic substances, including heavy metals, like lead and mercury.We demonstrated that a patient with asymptomatic Alport syndrome may have acceleratedworsening of kidney functions due to occupational exposure to lead and mercury. Regardingthe initial diagnosis with current clinical and laboratory findings in patients, it is noteworthythat there is always the possibility of another pathology, and additional investigations maybe needed. Besides, when considering public health issues and the financial burden due tooccupational diseases, we desired to draw attention to the importance and need to create saferwork environments and make frequent inspections

Atipik prezentasyonlu Bir pediatrik renal hücreli karsinom vakası: Boyunda kitle

The most common malignant diseases of the head and neck in the adolescent period are acute leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma. Although renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may metastasize in the cervical lymph nodes, both occurrence and presentation as a neck mass are rare in the childhood period. In this report, we present a sixteen-year-old girl who was admitted with a left neck mass at presentation. The primary tumor was found to be located in the left kidney and both masses were surgically removed, revealing a diagnosis of a translocation renal cell carcinoma with metastases. Distant metastases of abdominal and thoracic malignancies may present with metastatic lymph nodes, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of the neck masses in children.Adölesan dönemde baş boyun bölgesinde en sık rastlanılan malign hastalıklar; akut lösemi, Hodgkin lenfoma, non-Hodgkin lenfoma, nazofarenks kanseri ve tiroid kanseridir. Renal hücreli karsinom (RHK) servikal lenf nodlarına metastaz yapabilmekle beraber, çocukluk döneminde görülmesi ve boyun kitlesi ile başvurusu çok nadirdir. Bu yazıda ilk başvuru şikayeti sol boyunda kitle olan on altı yaşında bir kız çocuğunu sunuyoruz. Hastanın sol böbreğinde yerleşik olduğu tespit edilen primer tümör ve boyun metastazı eksize edildi ve patolojik tanı translokasyonal renal hücreli karsinom olarak rapor edildi. Abdominal ve torasik malignensiler metastatik lenf nodları ile prezente olabileceğinden çocuklarda boyun kitlelerine yaklaşımda ayırıcı tanıda bulundurulmalıdır