Evaluation of safe alternative wetting & drying and its influence on growth, yield and water use of the efficiency of rice (Orzya sativa l.)

Due to the increase in scarcity of freshwater resources available for irrigated agriculture and escalating demand for food around the world, in the future, it will be necessary to produce more food with less water. Due to inadequate or unevenly-distributed rainfall, irrigation is essential to high rice yields. A field experiment of Alternative Wetting and Drying Irrigation (AWDI) was conducted during kharif season 2014 & 2015 at Soil & Water Management Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. The treatments ranged from delayed irrigations of T1 to T6 (10, 15, 20 cm depletion of water level below the ground level, 15cm depletion of water up to maximum tillering, up to panicle initiation & up to 10 days prior to harvest) and continuous submergence (T7) of field irrigation water denoting the application of 5 cm flooded water condition, when the water level in the perforated PVC pipe fell at 10, 15 and 20 cm below ground level respectively. There was a significant (5% level) consequence of plant height, productive tillers, filled grains, yield and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) due to the influence of AWDI. The highest yield (5981 kg/ha) and WUE (7.56 kg/ha/mm) was recorded in treatment T1. Longer water stress resulted in the loss of grain yield to the tune of 500 to 1000 kg/ha. This study found that in sandy loam soil at 10cm depletion of ponded water produced maximum yield (5809 kg/ha, besides the highest B.C ratio of 2.02) and WUE (7.56 kg/ha mm)

Estimation of crop coefficient for Marigold (Tagetes erecta (L.)) under drip irrigated greenhouse

Crop water consumption (ETc) varies from region to region depending on crop type, growth stages, soil, and climate conditions. In order to obtain full yield and avoid unnecessary water usage, the water demand of the cultivated plants should be accurately calculated, and irrigation water should be applied in accordance with plant needs. In this, the study was carried out in field No.C3 of Central farm at Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Kumulur, Trichy district to determine the growth stage-specific crop coefficient (Kc) and pan coefficient (Kp) for the greenhouse grown marigold (Tagetes erecta (L.). Since, a large area was occupied by a ClassA pan, the reduced-size evaporative pans (20 and 60 cm compared with Class A pan) was used and pan coefficient was determined as 0.93 and 0.96 respectively. A pan coefficient (Kp) was used to convert pan evaporation (Epan) to grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Based on the tensiometer readings, the depleted moisture content was taken to reckon the crop coefficient for different growth stage. The results revealed that crop coefficient (Kc) for marigold was observed as 0.37 during the initial stage (Kcin), 0.8 during mid-stage (Kcmid) and 0.47 (Kcfin) during the final stage. These results would be helpful for crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling for similar condition

Comparative Analysis of Outcome following Arthroscopic Bankart’s Repair using Single Vs Double Portal: A Prospective study

BACKGROUND: Shoulder joint has high range of motion at the risk of dislocation and instability due to its biomechanics and bone geometry. Shoulder joint most commonly dislocates anteriorly (85-95%) and its the most common joint going for recurrent dislocations also. Nearly all the traumatic shoulder dislocations have Bankart lesion and hill sachs lesion. Its proven that all patients with Bankart lesion need some surgical management. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the outcome following arthroscopic Bankart’s repair using single and double portal in recurrent shoulder dislocation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation admitted in the arthroscopic sports injury clinic, orthopedic department, govt Rajaji hospital, Madurai Medical College, Madurai. RESULTS: Mode of injury dealt in this study were RTA, accidental fall and sports injury in both groups. Accidental fall was the most common occurrence, seen in 8 patients with the percentage of 40% followed by RTA in 7 patients with the percentage of 35%. • Relatively younger individuals were offered double portal arthroscopic repair with the mean value of 25.1 (25 years of age) and standard deviation of 4.09. • There was not much significance in the type of surgery adopted in the patients who were undergone closed reduction in hospitals and in native treatment by traditional bone setters. • Most number of patients (6 patients) had five times of dislocations prior to surgery with the percentage of 30% and confidence limits of 54.28%. • In the both groups, period of immobilisation following the first dislocation was mean value of 3.2 weeks. • Arthroscopic repair by single portal was more time consuming than the double portal surgery with the unpaired t test value of 6.49 and p value of < 0.001 since it was technically high demanding and required high surgeon s skill. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic bankarts repair using double anterior working portal is gold standard, when comparing to single anterior working portal. Time consumption, intra and post operative complication are less in double anterior working portal

INVESTORS’ OVERCONFIDENCE IN THE STOCK MARKET

An investor would normally depend on technical or/and fundamental analysis to make his/her investment decision in the secondary market. But in most cases the investor may not have time to do these analyses, understand the market or stock and then make the decision, therefore, they often end up taking irrational decisions. In some cases, the investors take these irrational decisions on the basis of the overconfidence they have concerning the information they possess. These investors are termed to bear overconfidence bias. The study aims to examine the influence of overconfidence bias in the Indian stock market. The study employed Vector Autoregression (VAR) methodology and impulse response function to know how long the bias persists in the market once the overconfidence bias is influenced by the investor. The results of the study show enough evidence to point out the influence of overconfidence bias in the market and it persists for more than 110 days. The study also finds out Efficient Market Hypothesis does not hold good. Our study period includes the time period since globalization of the Indian stock market and it also covers several periods of stress including the global financial crisis of 2007–08 and COVID-19 period

Entrepreneurial Climate in India, China and the USA

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in the process of wealth creation and improving the standard of living of the people through large-scale employment generation. So this study aims to identify the critical factors among the entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFC) and entrepreneurial behaviour and attitudes (EBAA) in enhancing the entrepreneurship climate in the United States of America (USA), China and India. The data for the study is collected from GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) on EBAA and EFC. Exploratory factor analysis was attempted initially to reduce the EBAA and EFC data into manageable factors. Further, confirmatory factor analysis was attempted to cross-validate the results. Key Points: • The results unveil that the Public conditions and Business Promotions (EFC) in the USA are superior to India and China. At the same time, India lags behind both the USA and China. • Indian entrepreneurs are more optimistic and audacious than their Chinese counterparts. • The future of entrepreneurship in India depends on what measures the Government adopts today to strengthen the entrepreneurship framework conditions

Effect of Zinc on Germination, Seedling Growth and Biochemical Content of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub)

Cluster bean seeds were grown in the presence of  0, 10, 25, 50, 100,150 and 200 mgl-l of zinc sulphate solution in order to asses the effect of metal on germination, growth and biochemical changes. The results indicated that low level of zinc concentration (10 and 25 mgl-l) showed a significant increase in the germination, seedling growth and biochemical content; whereas the higher concentrations (50-200 mgl-l) decreased the same except for proline content

Robust sensing suite for measuring temporal dynamics of surface temperature in sewers

© 2018, The Author(s). Sewerage systems are paramount underground infrastructure assets for any nation. In most cities, they are old and have been exposed to significant microbial induced corrosion. It is a serious global problem as they pose threats to public health and economic repercussions to water utilities. For managing sewer assets efficaciously, it is vital to predict the rate of corrosion. Predictive models of sewer corrosion incorporate concrete surface temperature measurements as an observation. However, currently, it has not been fully utilized due to unavailability of a proven sensor. This study reports the feasibility of infrared radiometer for measuring the surface temperature dynamics in the aggressive sewer conditions. The infrared sensor was comprehensively evaluated in the laboratory at different environmental conditions. Then, the sensor suite was deployed in a Sydney based sewer for three months to perform continuous measurements of surface temperature variations. The field study revealed the suitability of the developed sensor suite for non-contact surface temperature measurements in hostile sewer conditions. Further, the accuracy of the sensor measurements was improved by calibrating the sensor with emissivity coefficient of the sewer concrete. Overall, this study will ameliorate the present sewer corrosion monitoring capabilities by providing new data to models predicting sewer corrosion