On the Impersonal Constructions in The Canterbury Tales: With Special Reference to Phrasal Impersonals

This is based on “Impersonal constructions in The Canterbury Tales” in the 37th congress of the Japan Society for Medieval English Studies, 5 Dec. 2021 in a live online conference

SYNTHESIS OF ZANTHOXYLINE AND ITS RELATED COMPOUNDS: REVISION OF THE REPORTED STRUCTURE

Benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid, zanthoxyline, was synthesized through an intramolecular biaryl coupling reaction of N-naphthylbenzamide derivative using a palladium reagent. Comparison of the NMR data for the synthetic product with that reported previously revealed that the proposed structure was incorrect. Synthesis of the related compounds suggested that the correct structure of zanthoxyline is the previously known decarine

Detection of Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine in the tropomyosin 1 protein in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced rat gastric cancer cells

Nε-(Hexanoyl)lysine, formed by the reaction of lysine with n-6 lipid hydroperoxide, is a lipid peroxidation marker during the initial stage of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study is to indentify Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine-modified proteins in neoplastic transformed gastric mucosal cells by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and to compare the levels of these proteins between gastric mucosal cells and normal gastric cells. Much greater fluorescence of 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxyl-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid, an index of the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, was observed for gastric mucosal cells compared to normal gastric cells. Nε-(Hexanoyl)lysine-modified proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE or two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blotting using anti-Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine polyclonal antibody, and a protein band of between 30–40 kDa was clearly increased in gastric mucosal cells compared to normal gastric cells. Two Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine-modified protein spots in gastric mucosal cells were identified as the tropomyosin 1 protein by mass spectrometry using a MASCOT search. The existence of Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine modification in tropomyosin 1 was confirmed by Western blotting of SDS-PAGE-separated or two-dimensional electrophoresis-separated proteins as well as by the immunoprecipitation with anti-tropomyosin 1 antibody. These data indicate that Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine modification of tropomyosin 1 may be related to neoplastic transformation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in gastric epithelial cells

Age structure and trade openness : an empirical investigation

For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/This research focuses attention on the relationship between age structure and trade openness. We hypothesized that a higher working-age population share of a total population raises trade openness because dependent population tend to spend more than working-age population for non-tradable goods such as education and medical services. We estimated the effects of age structure on trade openness empirically using panel data of 85 countries from 1991 to 2010, and we simulated trade openness based on changes in age structure from 1991 to 2100. The estimation results show that an increase in the share of working-age (dependent) population in a total population has a positive (negative) effect on trade openness. According to the simulation results, an increase in the share of the working-age population will increase trade openness until the beginning of the 21st century. However, the turnover of the share of the working-age population and more rapid increase in the share of the old-dependent population will decrease trade openness after that

Numerical assessment of nitrogen removal from swine wastewater in activated sludge systems: Comparison between continuous and intermittent aeration

International audienceThe appropriate conditions needed to achieve nitrogen (N) removal from swine wastewater (SW) in an activated sludge continuous stirred-tank reactor (+settler) were assessed by performing numerical simulations. Air supply was considered through continuous or intermittent aeration (CA vs. IA), and several values were assumed for the SW BOD5-to-N ratio. By considering CA and low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, feasibility for peforming N removal via nitrite through simultaneous nitrification–denitrification was confirmed. Nitrogen removal via nitrite was also the case when applying IA, even at higher DO ranges. The nitrite short-cut was shown to reduce energy consumption for aeration. However, regardless of the aeration method applied, sensitive DO controls will be required, particularly when the SW BOD5-to-N ratio takes low values. This study allowed to assess the operational conditions required when biologically treating SW to meet N standards and to identify situations in which a final post-treatment is needed before effluent discharge

Nitrogen removal from swine wastewater in activated sludge systems using an ASM for continuous and intermittent aeration

An ASM-type model considering BOD and N removal was implemented including nitrite as intermediate, free ammonia and free nitrous acid as potential inhibitors and temperature as process parameter during swine wastewater treatment. Simulations were performed at various conditions: continuous and intermittent aeration; influent swine wastewater BOD/N ratio of 2, 3 and 4. Under continuous aeration and low DO, N was mainly removed through the nitrite short cut in simultaneous nitrification-denitrification. Under intermittent aeration, N was removed at broader DO conditions during aeration than previously assessed for continuous aeration. In both aeration conditions, critical DO control was required to achieve satisfactory N removal, particularly when the BOD/N ratio of the wastewater was set at 2. This study assesses those conditions needed to meet the N effluent standards in AS swine wastewater treatment plants, and to identify those cases when post-treatment will be needed.Postprint (published version

Treatment of swine wastewater in continuous activated sludge systems under different dissolved oxygen conditions: Reactor operation and evaluation using modelling

Swine wastewater was treated in two continuously aerated activated sludge (AS) systems at high (AS1: 1.7–2.6 mg/L) and low (AS2: 0.04–0.08 mg/L) dissolved oxygen (DO), and at three temperatures (10, 20, and 30 °C). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal was >94.8%. Meanwhile, total nitrogen (N) removal was significantly higher in AS2, at 64, 89, and 88%, than in AS1, at 12, 24, and 46%, for 10, 20, and 30 °C, respectively. The experimental data were considered in a simulation study using an AS model for BOD and N removal, which also included nitrite, free ammonia, free nitrous acid, and temperature. Simulations at high-DO showed that ammonium was partly oxidized into nitrate but not removed, whereas at low-DO ammonium was removed mainly through the nitrite shortcut in simultaneous nitrification–denitrification. This study demonstrates that treatment at low-DO is an effective method for removing N, and modelling a helpful tool for its optimization.Postprint (published version