Flow direction effects on tidal stream turbines

This thesis investigated the non-dimensional performance characteristics of a tidal stream turbine and how they varied in response to changes in flow direction. The problem was considered from an industrial perspective and used the commercial software package ANSYS CFX and a 1:20th scale experimental turbine. Initial considerations analysed the performance of the turbine in an ‘upstream’ or ‘downstream’ configuration relative to the turbines support structure. The conclusions resulting from this were that up to a point by increasing separation between an upstream turbine and its support structure the greater average nondimensional performance characteristics became. Also, more significantly, it was identified that this orientation and clearance reduced the blade stanchion interaction considerably relative to the downstream orientation. The study made justification for the inclusion of a yaw mechanism to rotate the turbine to face the flow for flood and ebb phases of the tide. In an operational environment this would be expected to enhance the life of the turbine’s blades, thrust bearings, and gearbox - which are known to be prone to fatigue failure, due to highly dynamic loads. The thesis continued to expand into the potential uses of a yaw mechanism to address flow misalignment experienced throughout the tidal cycle. In order to justify this, the non-dimensional performance characteristics of the same turbine were compared for a series of flow misalignment cases. The CFD analysis showed that increased flow misalignment in either the positive and negative direction had the effect of reducing turbine torque and power performance characteristics, and also significantly increases the out-ofplane bending moments. A distinction between the positive yaw angles and negative yaw angles was identified in the turbine’s performance. The negative flow misalignment showed more favourable performance changes than the positive flow misalignment, this was due to the turbines rotational direction. The subsequent recommendations to industry were included making use of the turbines rotational direction and yaw mechanism, to experience lower performance reductions in the case of flow misalignment. Experimental results from tow tank testing at CNR-INSEAN using the 0.5 m diameter turbine validated the nondimensional performance characteristics of the CFD results. It was identified that steady state CFD results did not capture the performance characteristics of flow misalignment cases as well as the transient CFD results. The experimental turbine captured temporal features identified in the CFD analysis. Recommendations to industry include the careful consideration of steady state CFD analysis in non-idealised flow conditions

The specification and testing of a horizontal axis tidal turbine rotor monitoring approach.

The sustainable deployment of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines will require effective management and maintenance functions. In part, these can be supported by the engineering of suitable condition monitoring systems. The development of such a system is inevitably challenging, particularly given the present limited level of operational data associated with installed turbines during fault onset. To mitigate this limitation,a computational fluid dynamics model is used to simulate the operational response of a turbine under a known set of fault conditions. Turbine rotor imbalance faults were simulated by the introduction of increasing levels of pitch angle offset for a single turbine blade. The effects of these fault cases upon cyclic variations in the torque developed by the turbine rotor were then used to aid creation of a condition monitoring approach. A parametric tidal turbine rotor model was developed based on the outputs of the computational fluid dynamics models. The model was used to facilitate testing of the condition monitoring approach under a variety of more realistic conditions. The condition monitoring approach showed good performance in fault detection and diagnosis for simulations relating to turbulence intensities of up to 2 %. Finally,the condition monitoring approach was applied to simulations of 10 % turbulence intensity. Under the 10 % turbulence intensity case the rotor monitoring approach was successfully demonstrated in its use for fault detection. The paper closes with discussion of the effectiveness of using computational fluid dynamics simulations extended by parametric models to develop condition monitoring systems for horizontal axis tidal turbine applications

Performance evaluation of a wave energy converter that produces potable water

The electrical power performance of a wave energy converter (WEC) has been standardised; however, recent interest in wave-driven desalinization systems (WDDS) has given rise to standard metrics to evaluate the performance of a WEC for water desalination. The efficiency of water production should consider the quantity and quality of desalinated water. In this paper, water production was investigated by quantifying the salinity concentration and permeate flow using reverse-osmosis membrane laboratory data and industry-accepted empirical formulas. The evaluation indicates that WDDS sea-trials critical measurements are pressure, flow, salinity, temperature, and salinity of the feed flow and the permeate flow.Peer Reviewe

The Effect of Control Strategy on Tidal Stream Turbine Performance in Laboratory and Field Experiments

The first aim of the research presented here is to examine the effect of turbine control by comparing a passive open-loop control strategy with a constant rotational speed proportional–integral–derivative (PID) feedback loop control applied to the same experimental turbine. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of unsteady inflow on turbine performance by comparing results from a towing-tank, in the absence of turbulence, with results from the identical machine in a tidal test site. The results will also inform the reader of: (i) the challenges of testing tidal turbines in unsteady tidal flow conditions in comparison to the controlled laboratory environment; (ii) calibration of acoustic Doppler flow measurement instruments; (iii) characterising the inflow to a turbine and identifying the uncertainties from unsteady inflow conditions by adaptation of the International Electrotechnical Commission technical specification (IEC TS): 62600-200. The research shows that maintaining a constant rotational speed with a control strategy yields a 13.7% higher peak power performance curve in the unsteady flow environment, in comparison to an open-loop control strategy. The research also shows an 8.0% higher peak power performance in the lab compared to the field, demonstrating the effect of unsteady flow conditions on power performance. The research highlights the importance of a tidal turbines control strategy when designing experiments

The effect of tidal flow directionality on tidal turbine performance characteristics

As marine turbine technology verges on the realm of economic viability the question of how long will these devices last is an important one. This paper looks at the axial bending moments experienced from CFD modelling of Cardiff University’s concept tidal turbine in a uniform profile for three different scenarios. The magnitude and direction in which the axial bending moment acts is an important feature in determining likely sources of wear in the drive train, such as bearings. By determining the source and magnitude of these bending moments, possibilities for reducing them and limiting their impact on devices can be made

The specification and testing of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Rotor Monitoring approach

The sustainable deployment of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines will require effective management and maintenance functions. In part, these can be supported by the engineering of suitable condition monitoring systems. The development of such a system is inevitably challenging, particularly given the present limited level of operational data associated with installed turbines during fault onset. To mitigate this limitation, a computational fluid dynamics model is used to simulate the operational response of a turbine under a known set of fault conditions. Turbine rotor imbalance faults were simulated by the introduction of increasing levels of pitch angle offset for a single turbine blade. The effects of these fault cases upon cyclic variations in the torque developed by the turbine rotor were then used to aid creation of a condition monitoring approach. A parametric tidal turbine rotor model was developed based on the outputs of the computational fluid dynamics models. The model was used to facilitate testing of the condition monitoring approach under a variety of more realistic conditions. The condition monitoring approach showed good performance in fault detection and diagnosis for simulations relating to turbulence intensities of up to 2 %. Finally, the condition monitoring approach was applied to simulations of 10 % turbulence intensity. Under the 10 % turbulence intensity case the rotor monitoring approach was successfully demonstrated in its use for fault detection. The paper closes with discussion of the effectiveness of using computational fluid dynamics simulations extended by parametric models to develop condition monitoring systems for horizontal axis tidal turbine applications

Performance and condition monitoring of tidal stream turbines

Research within the Cardiff Marine Energy Research Group (CMERG) has considered the integrated mathematical modelling of Tidal Stream Turbines (TST). The modelling studies are briefly reviewed. This paper concentrates on the experimental validation testing of small TST models in a water flume facility. The dataset of results, and in particular the measured axial thrust signals are analysed via timefrequency methods. For the 0.5 m diameter TST the recorded angular velocity typically varies by ± 2.5% during the 90 second test durations. Modelling results confirm the expectations for the thrust signal spectrums, for both optimum and deliberately offset blade results. A discussion of the need to consider operating conditions, condition monitoring sub-system refinements and the direction of prognostic methods development, is provided

Tidal Steam Turbine blade fault diagnosis using time-frequency analyses

Tidal Stream Turbines are developing renewable energy devices, for which proof of concept commercial devices are been deployed. The optimisation of such devices is supported by research activities. Operation within selected marine environments will lead to extreme dynamic loading and other problems. Further, such environments emphasise the need for condition monitoring and prognostics to support difficult maintenance activities. This paper considers flow and structural simulation research and condition monitoring evaluations. In particular, reduced turbine blade functionality will result in reduced energy production, long down times and potential damage to other critical turbine sub-assemblies. Local sea conditions and cyclic tidal variations along with shorter timescale dynamic fluctuations lead to the consideration of time-frequency methods. This paper initially reports on simulation and scale-model experimental testing of blade-structure interactions observed in the total axial thrust signal. The assessment is then extended to monitoring turbine blade and rotor condition, via drive shaft torque measurements. Parametric models are utilised and reported and a motor-drive train-generator test rig is described. The parametric models allow the generation of realistic time series used to drive this test rig and hence to evaluate the applicability of various time-frequency algorithms to the diagnosis of blade faults