Spectral and temporal behavior analysis of coffee crop in Landsat images

A definição da resposta espectral da cultura do café é uma das etapas na identificação de lavouras cafeeiras em imagens de satélites de sensoriamento remoto, para fins de mapeamento e estimativa de área plantada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial das imagens adquiridas pelos satélites da série Landsat, no mapeamento da cultura do café para a previsão de safras. Foi feita uma análise temporal do comportamento espectral de lavouras de café-formação e café-produção por meio de imagens livres de nuvens adquiridas nos anos de 1999 e 2001. Também foi analisado o comportamento espectral das classes pastagem e mata, que compõem os alvos de maior ocupação na área de estudo. As imagens do período seco foram mais eficientes no mapeamento de lavouras de café-formação e café-produção. As imagens da banda 4 dos dois sensores apresentaram melhor diferenciação espectral entre café e os demais alvos da cena. A reflectância do café-produção apresentou grande variabilidade entre lavouras, que pode ser atribuída à idade, espaçamento de plantas, cultivar, indicando a necessidade de trabalho em campo para a correta identificação das lavouras de café nas imagens Landsat.The definition of the spectral response of coffee crop is one of the steps to identify coffee fields in remote sensing images in order to map and estimate planted area. The objective of this work was to analyze the potential of the images acquired by the Landsat series satellites, for coffee crop mapping and forecast. A temporal analysis of the spectral behavior of coffee crop fields under development and under active production was performed through cloud free images acquired in the years of 1999 and 2001. The spectral behavior of pasture and forest was also analyzed due to their relevance in the study area. The results showed that images acquired during the dry season were more efficient to map coffee crop at early development and under production. Band 4 (near infrared) of both sensors (TM and ETM+) presented best performance for spectral differentiation between coffee crop and other scene targets. The analysis of the reflectance values for active producing coffee crop showed a high spectral variability which may be attributed to age, plants spacing, cultivar, indicating a need for field work for the identification of coffee crop in Landsat scenes

Síndrome de Parkes-Weber

Paciente feminina, 63 anos, branca, apresentando, desde a infância, edema e úlceras do membro inferior esquerdo e diferença de comprimento entre as extremidades. Submetida, aos 13 anos, a procedimento cirúrgico para correção de varizes. Úlcera venosa sangrante, após trauma, com sangramento abundante que não cessou à compressão elástica, necessitando de ligadura venosa

Síndrome de Parkes-Weber

Paciente feminina, 63 anos, branca, apresentando, desde a infância, edema e úlceras do membro inferior esquerdo e diferença de comprimento entre as extremidades. Submetida, aos 13 anos, a procedimento cirúrgico para correção de varizes. Úlcera venosa sangrante, após trauma, com sangramento abundante que não cessou à compressão elástica, necessitando de ligadura venosa

Medidas de reflectância hiperespectral a campo para estimar produtividade de grãos e altura de plantas de trigo

Dados hiperespectrais de reflectância de culturas agrícolas são úteis para diversas aplicações e ainda existe a necessidade de estudos para definir as melhores bandas para estimar parâmetros biofísicos de culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o uso de índices de vegetação (IV) de bandas estreitas e largas obtidas de medidas de reflectância hiperespectral a campo para estimar a produtividade de grãos e a altura de plantas do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Um experimento a campo foi conduzido durante a entre safra de 2003 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Medidas de reflectância foram adquiridas ao longo de seis estádios da cultura em 80 parcelas (quatro cultivares, cinco níveis de adubação nitrogenada e quatro repetições). Os IV testados foram: a) de banda estreita ou hiperespectrais (1. ótima reflectância de múltiplas bandas estreitas, OMNBR; 2. índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada com banda estreita, NB_NDVI; 3. primeira e segunda derivada da reflectância e; 4. quatro índices de derivadas da vegetação verde) e b) de banda larga (razão simples, SR; índice vegetativo da diferença normalizada, NDVI e; índice vegetativo ajustado para solo, SAVI). Os índices hiperespectrais forneceram melhores estimativas quando comparados às estimativas dos IV de banda larga. O índice OMNBR com quatro bandas apresentou os maiores valores de R² para estimar a produtividade de grãos (R² = 0,74; Emborrachamento e Espigamento) e a altura das plantas (R² = 0,68; Espigamento). Os melhores resultados foram observados entre os estádios de Perfilhamento II e Espigamento.Hyperspectral crop reflectance data are useful for several remote sensing applications in agriculture, but there is still a need for studies to define optimal wavebands to estimate crop biophysical parameters. The objective of this work is to analyze the use of narrow and broad band vegetation indices (VI) derived from hyperspectral field reflectance measurements to estimate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and plant height. A field study was conducted during the winter growing season of 2003 in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. Field canopy reflectance measurements were acquired at six wheat growth stages over 80 plots with four wheat cultivars (IAC-362, IAC-364, IAC-370, and IAC-373), five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg of N ha-1) and four replicates. The following VI were analyzed: a) hyperspectral or narrow-band VI (1. optimum multiple narrow-band reflectance, OMNBR; 2. narrow-band normalized difference vegetation index, NB_NDVI; 3. first- and second-order derivative of reflectance; and 4. four derivative green vegetation index); and b) broad band VI (simple ratio, SR; normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI; and soil-adjusted vegetation index, SAVI). Hyperspectral indices provided an overall better estimate of biophysical variables when compared to broad band VI. The OMNBR with four bands presented the highest R² values to estimate both grain yield (R² = 0.74; Booting and Heading stages) and plant height (R² = 0.68; Heading stage). Best results to estimate biophysical variables were observed for spectral measurements acquired between Tillering II and Heading stages

Síndrome de Parkes-Weber

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Coffee crop yield estimate using an agrometeorological‑spectral model

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um modelo agrometeorológico-espectral, para estimar a produtividade de cafezais. Utilizaram-se imagens do sensor MODIS e dados agrometeorológicos do modelo regional de previsão do tempo (ETA), para fornecer as variáveis de entrada para o modelo agrometeorológico-espectral da mesorregião geográfica sul/sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais nos anos-agrícolas de 2003/2004 a 2007/2008. A variável espectral de entrada do modelo agrometeorológico-espectral, índice de área foliar (IAF), usada no cálculo da produtividade máxima, foi estimada com o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), obtido de imagens MODIS. Outras variáveis de entrada no modelo foram: dados meteorológicos gerados pelo modelo ETA e a capacidade de água disponível no solo. Ao comparar a produtividade média estimada pelo modelo com a fornecida oficialmente pelo IBGE, as diferenças relativas obtidas em escala regional foram de: 0,4, 3,0, 5,3, 1,5 e 8,5% para os anos agrícolas 2003/2004, 2004/2005, 2005/2006, 2006/2007 e 2007/2008, respectivamente. O modelo agrometeorólogico-espectral, que tem como base o modelo de Doorenbos & Kassan, foi tão eficaz para estimar a produtividade dos cafezais quanto o modelo oficial do IBGE. Além disso, foi possível espacializar a quebra de produtividade e prever 80% da produtividade final na primeira quinzena de fevereiro, antes do início da colheita.The objective of this work was to evaluate an agrometeorological-spectral model to estimate coffee crop yield. Images from the MODIS sensor and meteorological data from the ETA regional weather forecast model were used to provide input variables to the agrometeorological-spectral model, in the South-Southeast region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, for crop years 2003/2004 to 2007/2008. The input spectral variable of the spectral-agrometeorological model, the leaf area index (LAI), used in the determination of the maximum yield, was estimated with the normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) obtained from MODIS images. Other input variables for the model were: meteorological data generated by the ETA model and the soil available water capacity. Comparing 0.4; 3.0; 5.3; 1.5 and 8.5% for crop years 2003/2004, 2004/2005, 2005/2006, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, respectively. The agrometeorological-spectral model, based on Doorenbos & Kassan model, was as efficient as the IBGE official model to estimate the coffee crop yield. Furthermore, it was possible to present the spatial variation of coffee crop yield loss and to predict 80% of final yield by the first fortight of February before the harvest

Stability of proICA512/IA-2 and its targeting to insulin secretory granules require β4-sheet-mediated dimerization of its ectodomain in the endoplasmic reticulum

The type 1 diabetes autoantigen ICA512/IA-2/RPTPN is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase of the insulin secretory granules (SGs) which regulates the size of granule stores, possibly via cleavage/signaling of its cytosolic tail. The role of its extracellular region remains unknown. Structural studies indicated that β2- or β4-strands in the mature ectodomain (ME ICA512) form dimers in vitro. Here we show that ME ICA512 prompts proICA512 dimerization in the endoplasmic reticulum. Perturbation of ME ICA512 β2-strand N-glycosylation upon S508A replacement allows for proICA512 dimerization, O-glycosylation, targeting to granules, and conversion, which are instead precluded upon G553D replacement in the ME ICA512 β4-strand. S508A/G553D and N506A/G553D double mutants dimerize but remain in the endoplasmic reticulum. Removal of the N-terminal fragment (ICA512-NTF) preceding ME ICA512 allows an ICA512-ΔNTF G553D mutant to exit the endoplasmic reticulum, and ICA512-ΔNTF is constitutively delivered to the cell surface. The signal for SG sorting is located within the NTF RESP18 homology domain (RESP18-HD), whereas soluble NTF is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Hence, we propose that the ME ICA512 β2-strand fosters proICA512 dimerization until NTF prevents N506 glycosylation. Removal of this constraint allows for proICA512 β4-strand-induced dimerization, exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, O-glycosylation, and RESP18-HD-mediated targeting to granules.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Índice de progreso social de la provincia de Azángaro 2019

La presente investigación se desarrolló con el propósito de calcular y analizar el Índice de Progreso Social (IPS) 2019 para la provincia de Azángaro, la herramienta empleada se estructura en tres grandes dimensiones: (a) Necesidades Humanas Básicas, (b) Fundamentos de Bienestar, y (c) Oportunidades; este modelo permite obtener una mejor comprensión de aspectos sociales y ambientales que definen el nivel de progreso y bienestar social de la Provincia. Los resultados del IPS 2019 manifestó que la provincia de Azángaro se ubica en un nivel extremo bajo con 32.76 puntos. Se consideraron cuatro zonas de estudio: la zona 1 del distrito de Azángaro con la mayor puntuación con 39.88 puntos, mientras, la zona 2 que incluye los distritos de Asillo y San Antón, registró 25.03 puntos siendo el más bajo de las cuatro; los resultados evidenciaron brechas entre las zonas, en cuanto a, la desigualdad en el acceso de agua y saneamiento básico. Cabe destacar, que la dimensión de Necesidades humanas básicas a pesar de alcanzar el mejor nivel de progreso social, presentó valores críticos en los componentes de Nutrición y cuidados médicos básicos, agua y saneamiento, y en vivienda y servicios públicos; específicamente en la tasa de desnutrición crónica en menores de cinco años; en Agua y saneamiento básico, por la falta de acceso a los servicios especialmente en la zona 2; y las características precarias de la vivienda, por los materiales utilizados en su construcción. Es necesario destacar, que los resultados de la presente investigación figuran como la primera medición del IPS en la provincia de Azángaro; y un punto de partida a futuros estudios, que pueden ser desarrollados a nivel distrital; además proporciona información a los entes públicos y privados sobre la situación de la provincia. De esta forma, se recomienda desarrollar investigaciones por cada distrito lo que permitirá contar con información detallada por sectores, manzanas, caseríos, asentamientos humanos, entre otros, donde se identifique y analicen los elementos que provocan que la población de la provincia sea vulnerable.This research was developed with the purpose of calculating and analyzing the Social Progress Index (IPS) 2019 for the province of Azángaro, the tool used is structured in three large dimensions: (a) Basic Human Needs, (b) Foundations of Well-being , and (c) Opportunities; This model allows for a better understanding of social and environmental aspects that define the level of progress and social well-being of the Province. The results of the IPS 2019 showed that the province of Azángaro is located in an extremely low level with 32.76 points. Four study areas were considered: zone 1 of the Azángaro district with the highest score with 39.88 points, while zone 2, which includes the districts of Asillo and San Antón, registered 25.03 points, being the lowest of the four; The results showed gaps between the areas in terms of inequality in access to water and basic sanitation. It should be noted that the dimension of Basic human needs, despite reaching the best level of social progress, presented critical values in the components of Nutrition and basic medical care, water and sanitation, and in housing and public services; specifically in the rate of chronic malnutrition in children under five years of age; in Water and basic sanitation, due to the lack of access to services, especially in zone 2; and the precarious characteristics of the house, due to the materials used in its construction. It is necessary to emphasize that the results of the present investigation appear as the first measurement of the IPS in the province of Azángaro; and a starting point for future studies, which can be developed at the district level; it also provides information to public and private entities on the situation in the province. In this way, it is recommended to carry out investigations for each district, which will allow to have detailed information by sectors, blocks, hamlets, human settlements, among others, where the elements that cause the population of the province to be vulnerable are identified and analyzed

Semen amyloids participate in spermatozoa selection and clearance

Unlike other human biological fluids, semen contains multiple types of amyloid fibrils in the absence of disease. These fibrils enhance HIV infection by promoting viral fusion to cellular targets, but their natural function remained unknown. The similarities shared between HIV fusion to host cell and sperm fusion to oocyte led us to examine whether these fibrils promote fertilization. Surprisingly, the fibrils inhibited fertilization by immobilizing sperm. Interestingly, however, this immobilization facilitated uptake and clearance of sperm by macrophages, which are known to infiltrate the female reproductive tract (FRT) following semen exposure. In the presence of semen fibrils, damaged and apoptotic sperm were more rapidly phagocytosed than healthy ones, suggesting that deposition of semen fibrils in the lower FRT facilitates clearance of poor-quality sperm. Our findings suggest that amyloid fibrils in semen may play a role in reproduction by participating in sperm selection and facilitating the rapid removal of sperm antigens

ISLES 2022: A multi-center magnetic resonance imaging stroke lesion segmentation dataset

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important imaging modality in stroke. Computer based automated medical image processing is increasingly finding its way into clinical routine. The Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation (ISLES) challenge is a continuous effort to develop and identify benchmark methods for acute and sub-acute ischemic stroke lesion segmentation. Here we introduce an expert-annotated, multicenter MRI dataset for segmentation of acute to subacute stroke lesions (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7153326). This dataset comprises 400 multi-vendor MRI cases with high variability in stroke lesion size, quantity and location. It is split into a training dataset of n = 250 and a test dataset of n = 150. All training data is publicly available. The test dataset will be used for model validation only and will not be released to the public. This dataset serves as the foundation of the ISLES 2022 challenge (https://www.isles-challenge.org/) with the goal of finding algorithmic methods to enable the development and benchmarking of automatic, robust and accurate segmentation methods for ischemic stroke