Основні віхи розвитку української гірничої термінології

Ідеться про розвиток термінології й номенклатури гірничої справи, зокрема частково шахтобудування, яка активно розвивалася впродовж 20–З0-х рр. ХХ ст. Наголошено на спірних моментах в історії становлення цієї лексичної групи. Зроблено висновок про те, що нині гірнича термінологія української мови практично повністю унормована завдяки ретельній праці лексикографів та фахівців-гірників.The paper examines the ways mining terminology and nomenclature was developed. Special attention is drawn to the period of the 20th – 30th of the 20th century, when the term system was formed. The research focuses on disputable moments in the history of lexical group development; it concludes that mining terminology is normalized in the present-day Ukrainian language thanks to the careful work of lexicographers and mining specialist

Handling Time-dependent Variables : Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance

Elucidating quantitative associations between antibiotic exposure and antibiotic resistance development is important. In the absence of randomized trials, observational studies are the next best alternative to derive such estimates. Yet, as antibiotics are prescribed for varying time periods, antibiotics constitute time-dependent exposures. Cox regression models are suited for determining such associations. After explaining the concepts of hazard, hazard ratio, and proportional hazards, the effects of treating antibiotic exposure as fixed or time-dependent variables are illustrated and discussed. Wider acceptance of these techniques will improve quantification of the effects of antibiotics on antibiotic resistance development and provide better evidence for guideline recommendations

Handling Time-dependent Variables : Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance

Elucidating quantitative associations between antibiotic exposure and antibiotic resistance development is important. In the absence of randomized trials, observational studies are the next best alternative to derive such estimates. Yet, as antibiotics are prescribed for varying time periods, antibiotics constitute time-dependent exposures. Cox regression models are suited for determining such associations. After explaining the concepts of hazard, hazard ratio, and proportional hazards, the effects of treating antibiotic exposure as fixed or time-dependent variables are illustrated and discussed. Wider acceptance of these techniques will improve quantification of the effects of antibiotics on antibiotic resistance development and provide better evidence for guideline recommendations

Short-course adjunctive gentamicin as empirical therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock : a prospective observational cohort study

Background.: Meta-analyses failed to demonstrate clinical benefits of beta lactam plus aminoglycoside combination therapy, compared to beta lactam monotherapy, in patients with sepsis. However, few data exist on the effects of short-course adjunctive aminoglycoside therapy in sepsis patients with organ failure or shock. Methods.: We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in two intensive care units in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2015. Local antibiotic protocols recommended empiric gentamicin add-on therapy in only one of the units. We used logistic regression analyses to determine the association between gentamicin use and the number of days alive and free of renal failure, shock, and death, all on day 14. Results.: Of 648 patients enrolled, 245 received gentamicin (222 of 309 (72%) in hospital A and 23 of 339 (7%) in hospital B) for a median duration of 2 (IQR 1-3) days. The adjusted odds ratios associated with gentamicin use were 1.39 (95%CI 1.00-1.94) for renal failure, 1.34 (95%CI 0.96-1.86) for shock duration and 1.41 (95%CI 0.94-2.12) for day-14 mortality. Based on in vitro susceptibilities, inappropriate (initial) Gram-negative coverage was given in 9 of 245 (4%) and 18 of 403 (4%) patients treated and not treated with gentamicin, respectively (p=0.62). Conclusion.: Short-course empirical gentamicin use in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock was associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury, but not with faster reversal of shock or improved survival in a setting with low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance

Associations Between Enteral Colonization With Gram-Negative Bacteria and Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Infections and Colonization of the Respiratory Tract

Background: Enteral and respiratory tract colonization with gram-negative bacteria may lead to subsequent infections in critically ill patients. We aimed to clarify the interdependence between gut and respiratory tract colonization and their associations with intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections in patients receiving selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD). Methods: Colonization status of the rectum and respiratory tract was determined using twice-weekly microbiological surveillance in mechanically ventilated subjects receiving SDD between May 2011 and June 2015 in a tertiary medical-surgical ICU in the Netherlands. Acquisition of infections was monitored daily by dedicated observers. Marginal structural models were used to determine the associations between gram-negative rectal colonization and respiratory tract colonization, ICU-acquired gram-negative infection, and ICU-acquired gram-negative bacteremia. Results: Among 2066 ICU admissions, 1157 (56.0%) ever had documented gram-negative carriage in the rectum during ICU stay. Cumulative incidences of ICU-acquired gram-negative infection and bacteremia were 6.0% (n = 124) and 2.1% (n = 44), respectively. Rectal colonization was an independent risk factor for both respiratory tract colonization (cause-specific hazard ratio [CSHR], 2.93 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.02-4.23]) and new gram-negative infection in the ICU (CSHR, 3.04 [95% CI, 1.99-4.65]). Both rectal and respiratory tract colonization were associated with bacteremia (CSHR, 7.37 [95% CI, 3.25-16.68] and 2.56 [95% CI, 1.09-6.03], respectively). Similar associations were observed when Enterobacteriaceae and glucose nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria were analyzed separately. Conclusions: Gram-negative rectal colonization tends to be stronger associated with subsequent ICU-acquired gram-negative infections than gram-negative respiratory tract colonization. Gram-negative rectal colonization seems hardly associated with subsequent ICU-acquired gram-negative respiratory tract colonization