GROWTH, NUTRIENT AND TOTAL PHENOLS ACCUMULATION IN AUSTRALIAN RED CEDAR SEEDLINGS ( Toona ciliata ) INOCULATED WITH MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas de cedro-australiano quanto \ue0 capacidade de crescimento, nutri\ue7\ue3o e produ\ue7\ue3o de fen\uf3is totais inoculadas com fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares (FMAs). Realizou-se experimento em casa de vegeta\ue7\ue3o com tr\ueas tratamentos compostos por Gigaspora margarita , Glomus clarum e Glomus etunicatum testados de forma isolada e quatro tratamentos compostos pela combina\ue7\ue3o destas esp\ue9cies: Gigaspora margarita + Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum e Gigaspora margarita + Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum. Todos os tratamentos com o in\uf3culo f\ufangico foram avaliados sem a adi\ue7\ue3o de f\uf3sforo no substrato. Em compara\ue7\ue3o, foram utilizadas tr\ueas testemunhas (sem fungo) contendo tr\ueas doses de f\uf3sforo: 0, 50 e 100 mg dm-3, totalizando dez tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repeti\ue7\uf5es. Ap\uf3s 140 dias de germina\ue7\ue3o, foi observado que todas as esp\ue9cies de FMAs inoculadas de forma isolada ou combinada promoveram benef\uedcios significativos no crescimento, nutri\ue7\ue3o e produ\ue7\ue3o de fen\uf3is totais nas mudas de cedro-australiano em solos contendo baixa disponibilidade de f\uf3sforo. A mistura no solo de Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum e Glomus etunicatum foi capaz de proporcionar incrementos significativos no desenvolvimento das plantas na maioria dos par\ue2metros avaliados, obtendose desempenhos superiores ou equivalentes \ue0s plantas testemunhas n\ue3o micorrizadas e cultivadas em solos adubados com f\uf3sforo. Isto sugere que os FMAs podem promover redu\ue7\ue3o na aduba\ue7\ue3o fosfatada no processo de produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas de cedro-australiano.This study aimed to evaluate the Australian red cedar seedlings for their ability to growth, nutrition and production of phenolic compounds under arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with three treatments consisting of Gigaspora margarita , Glomus etunicatum , Glomus clarum in single inoculation, and four treatments composed by the combination of these species, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum and Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum + Glomus clarum. All treatments with the fungal inoculum were evaluated without addition of phosphorus in the substrate. In comparison, three treatment controls were used (without fungus) containing three levels of phosphorus: 0, 50 and 100 mg dm-3, performing ten treatments. The experimental design was in random blocks with five replicates. After 140 days of germination, it was observed that all species of AMF inoculated alone or in combination, led to significant benefits on growth, nutrition and production of phenolic compounds in Australian red cedar seedlings in soils containing low phosphorus availability. The mixture in the soil of Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus clarum was able to provide significant increases in plant growth in most parameters assessed, resulting in performance equivalent or higher than non-mycorrhizal and control plants grown in soil fertilized with phosphorus. This suggests that AMF can promote reduction in phosphorus addition during the production of Australian red cedar seedlings

ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION ON THE SEEDLING PRODUCTION OF PARIC\uc1

A recupera\ue7\ue3o de diferentes ecossistemas degradados demanda pesquisas com esp\ue9cies florestais nativas que possam subsidiar programas de recupera\ue7\ue3o florestal. A produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas com esp\ue9cies arb\uf3reas nativas em associa\ue7\ue3o com os microrganismos do solo \ue9 uma importante t\ue9cnica para a reabilita\ue7\ue3o desses ambientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inocula\ue7\ue3o com fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares (FMAs) e nutri\ue7\ue3o fosfatada sobre o crescimento e conte\ufados nutricionais de mudas de paric\ue1 [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby]. O experimento casa de vegeta\ue7\ue3o por um per\uedodo de 75 dias, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, inocula\ue7\ue3o com os FMAs: Rhizophagus clarus , Gigaspora margarita , in\uf3culo misto (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) e controle (sem FMAs); quatro doses de P: 0, 60, 120 e 180 mg dm-3 de solo, com quatro repeti\ue7\uf5es. Foram avaliadas as vari\ue1veis altura, mat\ue9ria seca da parte \ue1rea (MSPA), mat\ue9ria seca da raiz (MSR), \ue1rea foliar (AF), di\ue2metro do coleto (DC) e os conte\ufados de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na parte a\ue9rea. As mudas de paric\ue1 apresentaram maior porcentagem de coloniza\ue7\ue3o para Rhizophagus clarus e o in\uf3culo misto (80 e 90%, respectivamente), diferentemente do observado para a esp\ue9cie Gigaspora margarita, com menor porcentagem (20%). O Rhizophagus clarus e o in\uf3culo misto, na aus\ueancia de P, propiciaram incremento para as vari\ue1veis de crescimento em rela\ue7\ue3o ao controle. Os conte\ufados de N, P, Ca e Mg foram influenciados pelos FMAs e pelas doses de P.The recovery of degraded ecosystems demands research with native species that can support forest restoration programs. The production of seedlings with native tree species in association with soil microorganisms is an important technique for the rehabilitation of these environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus nutrition on growth and nutrient content of paric\ue1 seedlings [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby]. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for a period of 75 days, using a completely randomized design in a factorial 4x4, inoculation with AMF: Rhizophagus clarus , Gigaspora margarita , mixed inoculum (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) and control (without AMF), four P doses: 0, 60, 120 and 180 mg dm-3 soil, with four replications. The variables height, dry matter area, root dry matter, leaf area, stem diameter and the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in shoots, were evaluated. Paric\ue1 seedlings showed higher colonization percentage for Rhizophagus clarus and mixed inoculum (80 and 90%, respectively), different from that observed for the species Gigaspora margarita, with a lower percentage (20%). The Rhizophagus clarus and mixed inoculum, in the absence of P, increased the growth variables relative to the control plants. The contents of N, P, Ca and Mg were influenced by the AMF and by the doses of P

FUNGOS MICORR\ucdZICOS ARBUSCULARES E PROTE\ucdNA DO SOLO RELACIONADA \uc0 GLOMALINA EM \uc1REA DEGRADADA POR EXTRA\uc7\uc3O DE ARGILA E REVEGETADA COM EUCALIPTO E AC\uc1CIA

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of revegetation with Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium in pure and mixed stands in the composition and mycorrhizal fungi diversity (AMF), as well as in the production of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) of an area degraded by clay extraction. The experimental design used was randomized complete block with four treatments (pure stands Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium; mixed Eucalyptus camaldulensis + Acacia mangium; and covered with spontaneous vegetation \u2013 ADVE) and three replications. Soil samples were collected at 0-5 cm soil layer in each plot. The spores were extracted and taxonomically identified. Relative density, frequency of each species and the Shannon-Wiener, Pielou and Simpson indexes were analyzed. The GRSP (total glomalin \u2013 TG and easily extractable glomalin - EEG) was extracted with sodium citrate and quantified by the Bradford method. Abundance of AMF was higher in the degraded areas covered by weeds (spontaneous vegetation) compared to plantations; however, it showed lower species diversity. The areas of eucalypt monoculture showed a lower level of AMF diversity in relation to areas of eucalypt intercropped with Acacia. The genera Glomus and Acaulospora were the AMF, with the largest number of species. The GRSP was closely correlated with soil C and N, which observed in greater amounts in plantations in relation to the sites covered with spontaneous vegetation. Revegetation of clay extraction site promoted the reduction of AMF sporulation, while the diversity and amount GRSP increased.Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influ\ueancia da revegeta\ue7\ue3o com Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Acacia mangium , em plantio puro e consorciado, na composi\ue7\ue3o e diversidade de fungos micorr\uedzicos arbusculares (FMAs), bem como na quantidade da prote\uedna do solo relacionada \ue0 glomalina (PSRG) em uma \ue1rea degradada pela extra\ue7\ue3o de argila. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (plantios puros de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Acacia mangium; cons\uf3rcio de Eucalyptus camaldulensis + Acacia mangium; e \ue1rea degradada com vegeta\ue7\ue3o espont\ue2nea \u2013 ADVE) e tr\ueas repeti\ue7\uf5es, onde, em cada uma das parcelas, foram coletadas amostras de solo na camada 0-5 cm. Os esporos de FMA foram extra\ueddos e taxonomicamente identificados. Analisou-se a densidade relativa, a frequ\ueancia de cada esp\ue9cie e os \uedndices de Shannon-Wiener, Pielou e de Simpson. A PSRG (glomalina total \u2013 GT e glomalina facilmente extra\uedvel \u2013 GFE) foi extra\uedda com citrato de s\uf3dio e quantificada pelo m\ue9todo de Bradford. A abund\ue2ncia de FMAs foi maior na \ue1rea degradada com vegeta\ue7\ue3o espont\ue2nea quando comparada aos plantios, em contrapartida apresentou baixa diversidade de esp\ue9cies. As \ue1reas de eucalipto em monocultivo mostraram menor \uedndice de diversidade de FMAs em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0s \ue1reas de eucalipto consorciadas com a ac\ue1cia. Glomus e Acaulospora foram os g\ueaneros de FMAs que apresentaram o maior n\ufamero de esp\ue9cies. A PSRG foi estreitamente correlacionada com o C e o N do solo, tendo sido observada em maiores quantidades nos plantios, em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 ADVE. A revegeta\ue7\ue3o da cava de extra\ue7\ue3o de argila promoveu redu\ue7\ue3o na esporula\ue7\ue3o dos FMAs, enquanto a diversidade e a quantidade de PSRG foram aumentadas

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic

Aim This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Method This was an international cohort study of patients undergoing elective resection of colon or rectal cancer without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Centres entered data from their first recorded case of COVID-19 until 19 April 2020. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included anastomotic leak, postoperative SARS-CoV-2 and a comparison with prepandemic European Society of Coloproctology cohort data. Results From 2073 patients in 40 countries, 1.3% (27/2073) had a defunctioning stoma and 3.0% (63/2073) had an end stoma instead of an anastomosis only. Thirty-day mortality was 1.8% (38/2073), the incidence of postoperative SARS-CoV-2 was 3.8% (78/2073) and the anastomotic leak rate was 4.9% (86/1738). Mortality was lowest in patients without a leak or SARS-CoV-2 (14/1601, 0.9%) and highest in patients with both a leak and SARS-CoV-2 (5/13, 38.5%). Mortality was independently associated with anastomotic leak (adjusted odds ratio 6.01, 95% confidence interval 2.58–14.06), postoperative SARS-CoV-2 (16.90, 7.86–36.38), male sex (2.46, 1.01–5.93), age >70 years (2.87, 1.32–6.20) and advanced cancer stage (3.43, 1.16–10.21). Compared with prepandemic data, there were fewer anastomotic leaks (4.9% versus 7.7%) and an overall shorter length of stay (6 versus 7 days) but higher mortality (1.7% versus 1.1%). Conclusion Surgeons need to further mitigate against both SARS-CoV-2 and anastomotic leak when offering surgery during current and future COVID-19 waves based on patient, operative and organizational risks