Investigando funções executivas e experiência tradutória na literalidade em tradução

As funções executivas (FEs) são mecanismos cognitivos que regulam o desempenho dos indivíduos em tarefas complexas. Um paradigma importante de pesquisa no bilinguismo envolve a noção de vantagem cognitiva, na qual experiências bilíngues específicas resultam na adaptação de determinadas FEs. Os tradutores se diferenciam dos demais bilíngues por manterem suas línguas ativadas por longos períodos, tendo que controlá-las de maneira específica, o que impõe alta demanda cognitiva. Pressupõe-se aqui que as FEs têm relação com o desempenho tradutório. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre literalidade na tradução em textos do inglês para o português, FEs e experiência tradutória em um grupo de tradutores. As FEs investigadas foram: updating (atualização das informações na memória de trabalho), controle inibitório (inibição de respostas automáticas) e shifting (alternância entre regras). Os aspectos da experiência tradutória investigados foram: tempo de experiência, tempo de empresa e dedicação semanal. Participaram da pesquisa 49 tradutores com diferentes níveis de experiência tradutória, que preencheram um Questionário de Histórico da Linguagem e Atividade Tradutória e realizaram as tarefas Letter Memory (updating), Stroop (controle inibitório), Number-Letter (shifting) e uma Tarefa de Tradução com combinações convencionais em inglês cuja tradução literal não era a possibilidade mais convencional em português. Esta pesquisa se baseou no pressuposto de que a capacidade de updating está associada ao monitoramento das duas línguas do tradutor, o controle inibitório está associado à inibição das estruturas do inglês durante a escrita do texto-alvo em português, e shifting está associado à capacidade de alternar entre os sistemas linguísticos das duas línguas durante a realização da tradução. Como hipóteses da pesquisa, previa-se que tradutores com melhor desempenho nas tarefas de updating, controle inibitório e shifting utilizariam combinações mais convencionais e menos literais nas traduções. Investigou-se, ainda, se essas FEs e variáveis de experiência tradutória poderiam explicar o grau de literalidade em tradução. A análise estatística não revelou associação entre updating e literalidade nem entre controle inibitório e literalidade, mas revelou associação entre shifting e literalidade, que se deu no sentido contrário à expectativa, ou seja, houve associação entre melhor habilidade de shifting e traduções com maior grau de literalidade. Esses resultados podem indicar que os tradutores não alternam entre as línguas de trabalho, mas as mantêm constantemente ativadas e as controlam de maneiras específicas. Quanto à experiência tradutória, a análise estatística não revelou associação significativa entre tempo de experiência e literalidade, mas revelou associação entre tempo de empresa e literalidade e entre dedicação semanal e literalidade, o que sugere que experiências recentes e intensas no contexto da tradução parecem impactar em maior grau o desempenho tradutório em comparação com experiências mais antigas. Constatou-se também que um modelo de regressão com as FEs e variáveis de experiência tradutória explicou 43% da variação na literalidade com significância estatística, apesar de apenas uma das variáveis ter contribuído significativamente para o modelo. Essa pesquisa colabora para o entendimento dos fatores que influenciam no uso de convencionalidade e literalidade na tradução por um viés cognitivo.Executive functions (EFs) are cognitive mechanisms that regulate performance of individuals in complex tasks. An important research paradigm in bilingualism studies involves the concept of cognitive advantage, in which specific bilingual experiences result in the adaptation of certain EFs. Translators are different from other bilinguals in that they keep both their languages active for long periods, controlling them in a unique way, which places high cognitive demands. Therefore, it is assumed here that EFs are associated with translation performance. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between translation literality in English to Portuguese translations, EFs and translation experience among a group of translators. The investigated EFs were: updating (of information in working memory), inhibitory control (inhibiting automatic responses) and shifting (between rules). The aspects of translation experience investigated were: months of experience, months of working for a translation company and hours dedicated to translation per week. There were 49 participants (translators with varying levels of experience), who filled a language history and translation experience questionnaire, completed a Letter Memory task (to evaluate updating), a Stroop task (to evaluate inhibitory control), a Number-Letter task (to evaluate shifting) and a translation task containing conventional word combinations in English whose literal translation was possible, but not the most conventional possibility in Portuguese. This research was based on the assumption that updating is associated to the monitoring of the two languages of the translator, inhibitory control is associated to inhibiting English structures during the writing of the target-text in Portuguese, and shifting is associated to the ability to switch between the linguistic systems during translations tasks. As research hypothesis, predictions were that translators with better performance in updating, inhibitory control and shifting tasks would produce more conventional and less literal combinations in translations. It was also investigated if these EFs, together with variables of translation experience, could explain the degree of translation literality. Results show no association between updating and literality nor between inhibitory control and literality, although they show association between shifting and literality, which was in the opposite direction from the prediction, i.e. better shifting ability was associated to more literal translations. These results may indicate translators do not shift between languages, instead they keep both of them highly activated and control them in a unique way. With respect to experience in translation, results showed no association between months of experience and literality, but showed an association between months of working for a translation company and literality, as well as the amount of hours dedicated to translation per week and literality, suggesting that recent and intense experiences in translation seem to impact more in translation performance in comparison to older experiences. It was also found that a regression model with EFs and variables of translation experience explained 43% of variability in literality, with statistical significance, but only one of the variables contributed significantly to the model. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the cognitive factors that influence the use of conventionality and literality in translation

“Imperatriz de si mesma” ou tradução como estratégia de procedimento artístico: relato de processo

Este artigo busca analisar um processo de criação a partir de uma intersecção entre conceitos da prática de tradução e da prática artística em dança com bambolês, ou hooping, que resultou em três fotografias em momentos distintos ao longo de um ano. Utiliza-se conceitos de tradução pela visão de Haroldo de Campos, na qual a antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade faz eco, além da visão estruturalista para fundamentar o fazer tradutório como produtor de sentidos. A partir disso, analisa-se o resultado do processo do cruzamento das personas tradutora e artista como negociações de subjetividades que afetam o fazer artístico

On the search for functional equivalents in a comparable Portuguese-English corpus of restaurant reviews

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a metodologia adotada na busca porequivalentes para os termos e fraseologias que compõem um glossário bilíngue português-inglês de críticas gastronômicas. As traduções de textos culinários muitas vezes revelam apagamento de elementos culturaise perda de convencionalidade, possivelmente devido àescassez de obras de referênciana área. Para auxiliar tradutores e redatores a produzirem textos que levem em conta a naturalidade e as diferenças entre línguas e culturas, compilamos um corpus comparável português brasileiro-inglês estadunidense de críticas gastronômicas e fizemos um levantamento de termos funcionalmente equivalentes. Apoiamo-nos nos pressupostos da Linguística de Corpuse da Teoria Funcionalista da Tradução. As análises quantitativa e qualitativa mostraram que, em diferentes graus nos dois idiomas, esse gênero textual faz uso expressivo de linguagem metafórica e idiomática na descrição de serviços, ambientes e pratos.This paper aims to present the methodology used to searchfor functional equivalents of terms and clusters comprising a Portuguese-English glossary of restaurant reviews. The translation of culinary texts frequently disregards cultural markers and conventionalities, perhaps due to the scarcity of reference works in this field. In order tohelp translators and writers take into consideration fluency and the differences inlanguages and cultures, we compiled a comparable corpus of restaurant reviews andretrievedterms which are functionally equivalent in both languages. Corpus linguistics and the Functionalist Approach to Translation underlie our study. From the quantitative and the qualitative analyses, we learned that this textual genre makes significant use of metaphoric and idiomatic language in the descriptions of service, ambience and food, although to different degrees in the two languages

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders

“Imperatriz de si mesma” ou tradução como estratégia de procedimento artístico: relato de processo

Este artigo busca analisar um processo de criação a partir de uma intersecção entre conceitos da prática de tradução e da prática artística em dança com bambolês, ou hooping, que resultou em três fotografias em momentos distintos ao longo de um ano. Utiliza-se conceitos de tradução pela visão de Haroldo de Campos, na qual a antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade faz eco, além da visão estruturalista para fundamentar o fazer tradutório como produtor de sentidos. A partir disso, analisa-se o resultado do processo do cruzamento das personas tradutora e artista como negociações de subjetividades que afetam o fazer artístico

On the search for functional equivalents in a comparable Portuguese-English corpus of restaurant reviews

This paper aims to present the methodology used to search for functional equivalents of terms and clusters comprising a Portuguese-English glossary of restaurant reviews. The translation of culinary texts frequently disregards cultural markers and conventionalities, perhaps due to the scarcity of reference works in this field. In order to help translators and writers take into consideration fluency and the differences in languages and cultures, we compiled a comparable corpus of restaurant reviews and retrieved terms which are functionally equivalent in both languages. Corpus linguistics and the Functionalist Approach to Translation underlie our study. From the quantitative and the qualitative analyses, we learned that this textual genre makes significant use of metaphoric and idiomatic language in the descriptions of service, ambience and food, although to different degrees in the two languages.  O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a metodologia adotada na busca por equivalentes para os termos e fraseologias que compõem um glossário bilíngue português-inglês de críticas gastronômicas. As traduções de textos culinários muitas vezes revelam apagamento de elementos culturais e perda de convencionalidade, possivelmente devido à escassez de obras de referência na área. Para auxiliar tradutores e redatores a produzirem textos que levem em conta a naturalidade e as diferenças entre línguas e culturas, compilamos um corpus comparável português brasileiro-inglês estadunidense de críticas gastronômicas e fizemos um levantamento de termos funcionalmente equivalentes. Apoiamo‑nos nos pressupostos da Linguística de Corpus e da Teoria Funcionalista da Tradução. As análises quantitativa e qualitativa mostraram que, em diferentes graus nos dois idiomas, esse gênero textual faz uso expressivo de linguagem metafórica e idiomática na descrição de serviços, ambientes e pratos

Evaluation of phytotherapy alternatives for controlling Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in vitro

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the main chemical components of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) and of the fixed oils of Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut) and of Helianthus annuus (sunflower seed). As well as testing the three oils and three different commercial synthetic acaricides against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in order to explore their acaricidal efficacy. Six different concentrations of the oils (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL) and the active principles were evaluated with the Adult Immersion Test (AIT). The two main chemicals components of C. cyminum L. were the cuminaldehyde and the γ-terpinene. In both B. excelsa and H. annuus were the linoleic and oleic acid. C. cyminum L. showed high acaricidal activity (100%) over the engorged females and on their reproductive characteristat from the concentration of 100 mg/mL. B. excelsa and H. annuus had low acaricidal activity (39.39% and 58.75% in the concentration of 200 mg/mL respectively). The amidine and the pyrethroid (35.12% and 1.50% respectively). It can be concluded that the oil of C. cyminum L. may be a phytoterapic alternative for the cattle's tick control

Analysis of Shared Heritability in Common Disorders of the Brain

Disorders of the brain can exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and often share symptoms, provoking debate about their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders from genome-wide association studies of 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants and assessed their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders share common variant risk, whereas neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders. We also identified significant sharing between disorders and a number of brain phenotypes, including cognitive measures. Further, we conducted simulations to explore how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a risk factor for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology