ASHRAE's Proposed Guideline 14P for Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings: How to Determine What Was Really Saved by the Retrofit

ASHRAE has recently completed the development of Guideline 14 to fill a need for a standard set of energy (and demand) savings calculation procedures. Guideline 14 is intended to be a guideline that provides a minimum acceptable level of performance in the measurement of energy and demand savings from energy management projects applied to residential, commercial or industrial buildings. Such measurements can serve as the basis for commercial transactions between Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) and their customers, or other energy conservation providers that rely on energy savings as the basis for repayment of the costs of the retrofit. When applied properly, ASHRAE Guideline 14 is expected to provide adequate assurance for the payment of services by allowing for well specified measurement methods that provide reasonably accurate savings calculations. ASHRAE Guideline 14 may also be used by governments to calculate pollution reductions from energy efficiency activities. Since Guideline 14 is intended to be applied to an individual building, or a few buildings served by a utility meter, large scale utility energy conservation programs, such as those involving statistical sampling, are not addressed by the current version of Guideline 14. Furthermore, metering standards and procedures for calculating savings from modifications to major industrial process loads are also not covered. This paper presents an overview of the measurement methods contained in ASHRAE Guideline 14 , including a discussion about how they were developed, and their intended relationship with other national protocols for measuring savings from energy conservation programs, such as the USDOE's International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocols (IPMVP)

A Comparison Of Hardness In Dallas Water Before And After Treatment In The City Water Plant

A measurement of the change in hardness produced in raw water by the usual treatment in the city purification plant of Dallas, Texas, was a project undertaken by the class in elementary quantitative analysis. The treatment which would affect the hardness was the addition of ferrous sulphate and lime at the time the water was pumped into the settling basins, and filtration through gravel. In making this comparison, the total alkalinity, temporary hardness, and permanent hardness of raw water and water after treatment, were determined. Raw water samples were taken as the water entered the purification plant; samples of treated water from city main at the plant