Outlook for Japanese and German future technology : comparing Japanese and German technology forecast surveys

269 pages, tableaux, graphiques, bibliographi

Indicators for benchmarking biotechnology innovations policies

"The relevance of biotechnology as a major contributor to economic growth in various industries and its impacts on the quality of life explain the high priority of biotechnology on the political agenda in the fifteen old Member States of the European Union (Enzing et al. 1999, Senker et al. 2001, Reiss et al. 2003). Also in several new Member States there are various efforts to develop biotechnology (Menrad et al. 2003)..."Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Researc

Outlook for Japanese and German future technology : comparing Japanese and German technology forecast surveys

269 pages, graphiques, tableaux, bibliographi

Maritime Economy: Definition and Main Aspects

The maritime economy can be defined as the whole range of activities related to the sea, in other words whose conditions of development depend on the sea. This factual definition needs to be specified according to the degree of dependence: total, for the entire production mode, or partial, for the manufacturing of certain products or the supply of certain services. Furthermore, the definition raises a series of questions. A question of coverage: is it possible to list and delineate the whole range of "maritime" economic activities? A question of measuring the economic value of this range: is it possible to give a definition and a quantitative assessment of this range? By means of which indicators? A question of coherence: is the whole range composed of activities unrelated to each other? Or do they have commercial relationships and conditions of development (environmental, regulatory) leading, to a certain extent, to consider them jointly? The present chapter aims to address these issues on a European scale