The Gender Gap Cracks Under Pressure: A Detailed Look at Male and Female Performance Differences During Competitions

Using data from multiple-period math competitions, we show that males outperform females of similar ability during the first period. However, the male advantage is not found in any subsequent period of competition, or even after a two-week break from competition. Some evidence suggests that males may actually perform worse than females in later periods. The analysis considers various experimental treatments and finds that the existence of gender differences depends crucially on the design of the competition and the task at hand. Even when the male advantage does exist, it does not persist beyond the initial period of competition.competitiveness, gender differences, effort and productivity, field experiment

Causes of Gender Differences in Competition: Theory and Evidence

We use a game theoretic model of contests to assess different explanations for the male performance advantage in competition. Comparing the testable predictions of the model with the empirical evidence, we reject explanations involving male overcon- fidence, misperceptions about relative ability, and some preference differences. Ex- planations involving female underconfidence, stereotype threat, and adverse female reaction to competition are consistent with only some of the evidence, and an expla- nation involving lower male risk aversion is consistent with most of the evidence. Two explanations are consistent with all of the evidence: (i) male ability to perform may in- crease in the face of competition, possibly due to changes in testosterone or adrenaline; or (ii) males may care more about winning or get greater enjoyment from competition than females.contests, gender differences, effort and productivity

De Facto Merger in Texas: Reports of Its Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated

This comment examines three issues of Texas de facto merger law. First, whether the Texas Legislature\u27s 1979 amendment to Article 5.10 of the Texas Business Corporations Act was intended to eliminate the de facto merger doctrine, regardless of how closely a transaction resembles a merger. Second, whether the 1987 and 1991 amendments to Article 5.10 are additional evidence of a legislative intent to eliminate the de facto merger doctrine. And, if so, whether it was sound public policy to completely eliminate the de facto merger doctrine

How Are You Goin\u27 To Wet Your Whistle? : When the whole darn world goes dry

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/1611/thumbnail.jp

How are you goin\u27 to wet your whistle? (When the whole darn world goes dry.)

https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/sheetmusic/1028/thumbnail.jp

Gender Differences Disappear with Exposure to Competition

Past research nds that males outperform females in competitive situations. Using data from multiple-round math tournaments, we verify this nding during the initial round of competition. The performance gap between males and females, however, disappears after the rst round. In later rounds, only math ability (not gender) serves as a signicant predictor of performance. Several possible explanations are discussed. The results suggest that we should be cautious about using data from one-round experiments to generalize about behavior.Competitiveness,Gender Differences, Field Experiment

The Gender Gap Cracks Under Pressure: A Detailed Look at Male and Female Performance Differences During Competitions

Using data from multiple-period math competitions, we show that males outperform females of similar ability during the first period. However, the male advantage is not found in any subsequent period of competition, or even after a two-week break from competition. Some evidence suggests that males may actually perform worse than females in later periods. The analysis considers various experimental treatments and finds that the existence of gender differences depends crucially on the design of the competition and the task at hand. Even when the male advantage does exist, it does not persist beyond the initial period of competition.

Posttranslational Regulation of Human DNA Polymerase ι.

Human DNA polymerases (pols) η and ι are Y- family DNA polymerase paralogs that facilitate translesion synthesis (TLS) past damaged DNA. Both polη and polι can be monoubiquitinated in vivo. Polη has been shown to be ubiquitinated at one primary site. When this site is unavailable, three nearby lysines, may become ubiquitinated. In contrast, mass spectrometry analysis of monoubiquitinated polι revealed that it is ubiquitinated at over 27 unique sites. Many of these sites are localized in different functional domains of the protein, including the catalytic polymerase domain, the PCNA-interacting region, the Rev1-interacting region, as well as its Ubiquitin Binding Motifs, UBM1 and UBM2. Polι monoubiquitination remains unchanged after cells are exposed to DNA damaging agents such as UV- light (generating UV-photoproducts), ethyl methanesulfonate (generating alkylation damage), mitomycin C (generating interstrand crosslinks), or potassium bromate (generating direct oxidative DNA damage). However, when exposed to naphthoquinones, such as menadione and plumbagin, which cause indirect oxidative damage through mitochondrial dysfunction, polι becomes transiently polyubiquitinated via K11- and K48- linked chains of ubiquitin and subsequently targeted for degradation. Polyubiquitination does not occur as a direct result of the perturbation of the redox cycle, as no polyubiquitination was observed after treatment with rotenone, or antimycin A, which inhibit mitochondrial electron transport. Interestingly, polyubiquitination was observed after the inhibition of the lysine acetyltransferase, KATB3/p300. We hypothesize that the formation of polyubiquitination chains attached to polι occurs via the interplay between lysine acetylation and ubiquitination of ubiquitin itself at K11- and K48- rather than oxidative damage per se