El ejercicio de la soberanía y el neoliberalismo en México

La presente tesis de investigación intenta estudiar la relación entre el Estado Nacional, el caso de México, y su respuesta a las políticas internacionales emitidas por el Fondo Monetario Internacional, que han significado en su aplicación práctica una pérdida de la soberanía nacional. Desde la implantación del neoliberalismo en México en 1982 hasta el contexto actual, el Estado Mexicano ha experimentado una serie de cuestiones que gradualmente han lacerado la facultad de ejercer su soberanía de forma real

Estabilización de suelos arcillosos usando caucho granular de neumático para fines de carretera no pavimentadas

La presente investigación tuvo objetivo general estabilizar el suelo arcilloso usando caucho granular de neumático para fines de carreteras no pavimentadas, el tipo de investigación fue aplicada y el diseño de investigación de tipo experimental, se tomó como muestra de estudio la Carretera Túcume – Cachinche, Distrito Túcume, Provincia Lambayeque, Departamento Lambayeque – Perú, de donde se analizaron 3 Km de vía no pavimentada y se realizaron 6 calicatas a fin de estudiar sus propiedades físico-mecánicas, ya que se pretende estabilizar suelos arcillosos con la incorporación de caucho granular en porcentajes del 5%, 10%, 15%, y 20%; para el análisis de propiedades físicas se realizaron los ensayos de Contenido de Humedad, Granulometría, Límites de Atterberg, Clasificación de suelos SUCS – AASHTO y Peso Específico, mientras que para el análisis de las propiedades mecánicas se hizo en base a los ensayos de Proctor Modificado y CBR. Se concluyó que no se logró estabilizar los suelos arcillosos adicionando caucho granular para fines de carreteras no pavimentadas para ser aplicable a nivel subrasante debido a que con los porcentajes de diseño establecidos no se lograron mejoras significativas en las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de los suelos en estudio, sin embargo la muestra patrón cuyo CBR natural=5.6% combinada con el 5% de caucho granular logró un ligero incremento en el CBR=6.60%, mientras que adicionando el 10% de caucho tiene un CBR=3.1%, adicionando el 15% de caucho un CBR=2.5% y finalmente con el 20% de caucho se reduce considerablemente hasta un valor de CBR=1.5%.TesisInfraestructura, Tecnología y Medio Ambient

Magnetic flutter effect on validated edge turbulence simulations

Small magnetic fluctuations ($B_1/B_0 \sim 10^{-4}$) are intrinsically present in a magnetic confinement plasma due to turbulent currents. While the perpendicular transport of particles and heat is typically dominated by fluctuations of the electric field, the parallel stream of plasma is affected by fluttering magnetic field lines. In particular through electrons, this indirectly impacts the turbulence dynamics. Even in low beta conditions, we find that $E\times B$ turbulent transport can be reduced by more than a factor 2 when magnetic flutter is included in our validated edge turbulence simulations of L-mode ASDEX Upgrade. The primary reason for this is the stabilization of drift-Alfv\'en-waves, which reduces the phase shifts of density and temperature fluctuations with respect to potential fluctuations. This stabilization can be qualitatively explained by linear analytical theory, and appreciably reinforced by the flutter nonlinearity. As a secondary effect, the steeper temperature gradients and thus higher $\eta_i$ increase the impact of the ion-temperature-gradient mode on overall turbulent transport. With increasing beta, the stabilizing effect on $E\times B$ turbulence increases, balancing the destabilization by induction, until direct electromagnetic perpendicular transport is triggered. We conclude that including flutter is crucial for predictive edge turbulence simulations

CONTROL INTERNO E INCIDENCIA EN EL PROCESO CONTABLE DE LA EMPRESA VC&C MULTISERVICIOS SAC, DEL DISTRITO DE LIMA - PERÚ – AÑO 2015

La presente tesis tiene por título “Control Interno e Incidencia en el Proceso Contable de la Empresa VC&C Multiservicios SAC, del distrito Lima- Perú, año 2015”. Cabe señalar que es de suma importancia la investigación ya que demostrare que se puede generar valor mediante los procesos y la cadena de logística cuando se cumplen de acuerdo a las normas ya establecidas que generara a su vez una estrategia competitiva. Es por tanto que esta investigación, aportara conocimientos e información para determinar o mejorar las normas, procesos y políticas dentro de la empresa. Está investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar la relación entre el Control Interno e incidencia en el Proceso Contable de la Empresa VC&C Multiservicios SAC, del distrito Lima- Perú, año 2015. Para lo cual, se aplicó la investigación a 15 trabajadores de la empresa entre ellos gerentes, administradores, y demás ejecutivos, que laboran en la empresa, mediante el uso de una encuesta; el cual se refiere a formular un conjunto de preguntas en un test escrito a la muestra de la investigación el cual viene a ser los 15 colaboradores que laboran en la empresa. Los datos obtenidos por el instrumento de medición fueron debidamente procesados por un programa estadístico llamado “SPSS Statistics Versión 21”.Mediante el cual se concluyó que el Control Interno tiene una incidencia significativa y directa el Proceso Contable de la Empresa VC&C Multiservicios SAC, del distrito Lima- Perú, año 2015

Carnitine supplementation to obese Zucker rats prevents obesity-induced type II to type I muscle fiber transition and favors an oxidative phenotype of skeletal muscle

Background: In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that carnitine supplementation counteracts obesityinduced muscle fiber transition from type I to type II. Methods: 24 obese Zucker rats were randomly divided into two groups of 12 rats each (obese control, obese carnitine) and 12 lean Zucker rats were selected for lean control group. A control diet was given to both control groups and a carnitine supplemented diet (3 g/kg diet) was given to obese carnitine group for 4 wk. Components of the muscle fiber transformation in skeletal muscle were examined. Results: The plasma level of carnitine were lower in the obese control group compared to the lean control group and higher in the obese carnitine group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids were increased in obese animals compared to lean animals and the obese carnitine group had lower level compared to the obese control group (P < 0.05). The obese carnitine group had an increased number of type I muscle fibers and higher mRNA levels of type I fiber-specific myosin heavy chain, regulators of muscle fiber transition and of genes involved in carnitine uptake, fatty acid transport, &#946;-oxidation, angiogenesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and thermo genesis in M. rectus femoris compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that carnitine supplementation to obese Zucker a rat counteracts the obesityinduced muscle fiber transition and restores the muscle oxidative metabolic phenotype. Carnitine supplementation is supposed to be beneficial for the treatment of elevated levels of plasma lipids during obesity or diabetes

Niacin supplementation increases the number of oxidative type I fibers in skeletal muscle of growing pigs

Background: A recent study showed that niacin supplementation counteracts the obesity-induced muscle fiber switching from oxidative type I to glycolytic type II and increases the number of type I fibers in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats. These effects were likely mediated by the induction of key regulators of fiber transition, PGC-alpha and PGC-beta, leading to muscle fiber switching and up-regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid import and oxidation, citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether niacin supplementation causes type II to type I muscle and changes the metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscles in growing pigs. Results: 25 male, 11 wk old crossbred pigs (Danzucht x Pietrain) with an average body weight of 32.8 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD) kg were randomly allocated to two groups of 12 (control group) and 13 pigs (niacin group) which were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 750 mg niacin/kg diet. After 3 wk, the percentage number of type I fibers in three different muscles (M. longissismus dorsi, M. quadriceps femoris, M. gastrocnemius) was greater in the niacin group and the percentage number of type II fibers was lower in the niacin group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of PGC-beta and genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid catabolism (CACT, FATP1, OCTN2), citrate cycle (SDHA), oxidative phosphorylation (COX4/1, COX6A1), and thermogenesis (UCP3) in M. longissimus dorsi were greater in the niacin group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The study demonstrates that niacin supplementation induces type II to type I muscle fiber switching, and thereby an oxidative metabolic phenotype of skeletal muscle in pigs. Given that oxidative muscle types tend to develop dark, firm and dry pork in response to intense physical activity and/or high psychological stress levels preslaughter, a niacin-induced change in the muscle´s fiber type distribution may influence meat quality of pigs

Protocol TOP-Study (tacrolimus organ perfusion): a prospective randomized multicenter trial to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury in transplantation of marginal liver grafts with an "ex vivo" tacrolimus perfusion

Background: Critical organ shortage results in the utilization of extended donor criteria (EDC) liver grafts. These marginal liver grafts are prone to increased ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) which may contribute to deteriorated graft function and survival. Experimental data have shown that the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus exerts protective effects on hepatic IRI when applied intravenously or directly as a hepatic rinse. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the effects of an ex vivo tacrolimus perfusion on IRI in transplantation of EDC liver grafts. Methods/Design: The TOP-Study (tacrolimus organ perfusion) is a randomized multicenter trial comparing the ex vivo tacrolimus perfusion of marginal liver grafts with placebo. We hypothesize that a tacrolimus rinse reduces IRI, potentially improving organ survival following transplantation of EDC livers. The study includes livers with two or more EDC, according to Eurotransplant International Foundation’s definition of EDC livers. Prior to implantation, livers randomized to the treatment group are rinsed with tacrolimus at a concentration of 20 ng/ml in 1000 ml Custodiol solution and in the placebo group with Custodiol alone. The primary endpoint is the maximum serum alanine transamninase (ALT) level within the first 48 hours after surgery; however, the study design also includes a 1-year observation period following transplantation. The TOP-Study is an investigator-initiated trial sponsored by the University of Munich Hospital. Seven other German transplant centers are participating (Berlin, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Mainz, Münster, Regensburg, Tübingen) and aim to include a total of 86 patients. Discussion: Tacrolimus organ perfusion represents a promising strategy to reduce hepatic IRI following the transplantation of marginal liver grafts. This treatment may help to improve the function of EDC grafts and therefore safely expand the donor pool in light of critical organ shortage. Trial register: EudraCT number: 2010-021333-31, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0156409

Therapeutic anticoagulation complications in the elderly: a case report

Background: The demographic transition leads to a continuously growing number of elderly patients who receive therapeutic anticoagulation by reason of several comorbidities. Though therapeutic anticoagulation may reduce the number of embolic complications in these patients, major complications such as bleeding complications need to be kept in mind when considering such therapy. However, evidence regarding the choice of anticoagulation agents in chronic kidney disease patients of higher age is limited. In this report, a guideline-based anticoagulation treatment which led to a fulminant atraumatic bleeding complication is discussed. Case presentation: We present the case of an 85-year-old female stage V chronic kidney disease patient who suffered from a diffuse arterial, subcutaneous bleeding in her lower left leg due a therapeutic anticoagulation using low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Anticoagulation was started in accordance with general recommendations for patients with atrial fibrillation, and the dosage was adapted for the patient's renal function. Nevertheless, the above-mentioned complication occurred, and the bleeding led to a hemorrhagic shock and an acute kidney injury on top of a chronic kidney disease. The hematoma required surgical evacuation and local coagulation in the operating room. In the further course, the patient underwent additional four surgical interventions due to a superinfected skin necrosis, including skin grafting. Furthermore, the patient needed continuous renal replacement therapy, as well as intensive care unit treatment, for a total of 47 days followed by 36 days of geriatric rehabilitation. Afterwards, she was discharged from the hospital to her previous nursing home. Discussion and conclusions: Although therapeutic anticoagulation may sufficiently protect patients at cardiovascular risk, major complications such as bleeding complications may occur at any time. Therefore, physicians need to regularly re-evaluate any prior indication for therapeutic anticoagulation. With this case report, we hope to draw attention to the cohort of geriatric patients and the need for more and well differentiated study settings to preferably prevent any potentially avoidable complications

Expression of genes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis and uptake in dairy cows in the transition period and at different stages of lactation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In rodents and pigs, it has shown that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation. Dairy cows are typically in a negative energy balance during early lactation. We investigated the hypothesis that genes of carnitine synthesis and uptake in dairy cows are enhanced during early lactation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>mRNA abundances of PPARA and some of its classical target genes and genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis [trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLHE), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH9A1), γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBOX1)] and uptake of carnitine [novel organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A5)] as well as carnitine concentrations in liver biopsy samples of 20 dairy cows in late pregnancy (3 wk prepartum) and early lactation (1 wk, 5 wk, 14 wk postpartum) were determined. From 3 wk prepartum to 1 wk postpartum, mRNA abundances of PPARΑ and several PPARΑ target genes involved in fatty acid uptake, fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the liver were strongly increased. Simultaneously, mRNA abundances of enzymes of carnitine synthesis (TMLHE: 10-fold; ALDH9A1: 6-fold; BBOX1: 1.8-fold) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5: 13-fold) and the concentration of carnitine in the liver were increased from 3 wk prepartum to 1 wk postpartum (<it>P </it>< 0.05). From 1 wk to 5 and 14 wk postpartum, mRNA abundances of these genes and hepatic carnitine concentrations were declining (<it>P </it>< 0.05). There were moreover positive correlations between plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic carnitine concentrations at 1 wk, 5 wk and 14 wk postpartum (<it>P </it>< 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of this study show for the first time that the expression of hepatic genes of carnitine synthesis and cellular uptake of carnitine is enhanced in dairy cows during early lactation. These changes might provide an explanation for increased hepatic carnitine concentrations observed in 1 wk postpartum and might be regarded as a physiologic means to provide liver cells with sufficient carnitine required for transport of excessive amounts of NEFA during a negative energy balance.</p