Multimodal Anaesthesia in a Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) Undergoing Hemilaminectomy and Sacrococcygeal Stabilization

Background:  Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicated in cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding the association of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center. Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increased reflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. The animal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal column of the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia was supplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten min later, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35 and 80 min into the surgery, respectively. The isoflurane requirement was adjusted often to keep the animal in the surgical anesthetic plan. At the end of the surgery (total time, 95 min), lumbosacral epidural analgesia was performed with morphine (0.1 mg/kg). No important abnormalities were detected in heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, or body temperature during the surgical period. The time intervals between the end of anesthesia, and the following events: extubation, the first head movement, and the establishment of sternal were 18, 34 and 73 min, respectively. Recovery was considered calm and peaceful, with no signs of pain or excitement.Discussion: Considering the painful discomfort and the need for manipulation, dissociative anesthesia was initially used to move the animal to hospital care. Due to the immediate indication for surgery, it was decided to use propofol in a sufficient dose for orotracheal intubation, keeping anesthesia with isoflurane. With the expectation of severe pain during the surgical procedure, CRI of dexmedetomidine and ketamine were used, in addition to lidocaine and bupivacaine at the lesion site. Although the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane has not been recorded, the physiological parameters were kept relatively stable, ratifying the adequate plan of anesthesia compatible with the observed eye reflexes. Based on the experience with other canids, the use of epidural morphine was performed, aiming at postsurgical analgesic extension. Although a certain lack of coordination was observed, the animal’s recovery was characterized by stillness, with no signs of pain or excitement, confirming the effectiveness of the anesthetic protocol. The present report may aid in the choice of balanced anesthetic approaches in wild canids

Cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega no preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica – estudo clínico

Avaliou-se o cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega como implante para o preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica em cães e gatos. Os animais foram provenientes do Serviço de oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário, da Universidade Estadual Paulista – Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O estudo foi realizado em dois anos. A idade dos pacientes oscilou entre 2 a 11 anos, com peso de 3 a 50 kg. Os implantes variaram de 15 a 25 mm de diâmetro. Edema local foi observado em todos os animais durante o pós-operatório imediato. Das 11 cirurgias realizadas em 8 animais, sendo 7 cães e 1 gato, em 9 (81,8%) o resultado estético foi satisfatório, enquanto em 2 (18,2%) foi insatisfatório, devido a complicações que levaram a remoção dos implantes. A utilização do cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega no preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica mostrou-se factível e é uma alternativa para melhorar a aparência estética após a enucleação

Cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega no preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica – estudo clínico

The double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate bone cement was evaluated as an orbital implant for filling the anophthalmic cavity of dogs. The animals were from the Ophthalmology Unit of the Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Jaboticabal, and from a private veterinary clinic. The study was conducted during two years. The patients’ age ranged from 2-11 years old, and their weight from 9-50 kg. The implants ranged from 19 to 25 mm in diameter. Local edema was observed in all animals during the immediate postoperative period. Of the ten performed surgeries in seven animals, a satisfactory, aesthetic result was observed in nine (90%) while in one (10%) of them it was unsatisfactory due to complications that led to the implant removal. The use of the double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate bone cement to fill anophthalmic sockets is feasible and could be an alternative to improve the cosmetic appearance after eyeball removal.Avaliou-se o cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega como implante para o preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica em cães e gatos. Os animais foram provenientes do Serviço de oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário, da Universidade Estadual Paulista – Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O estudo foi realizado em dois anos. A idade dos pacientes oscilou entre 2 a 11 anos, com peso de 3 a 50 kg. Os implantes variaram de 15 a 25 mm de diâmetro. Edema local foi observado em todos os animais durante o pós-operatório imediato. Das 11 cirurgias realizadas em 8 animais, sendo 7 cães e 1 gato, em 9 (81,8%) o resultado estético foi satisfatório, enquanto em 2 (18,2%) foi insatisfatório, devido a complicações que levaram a remoção dos implantes. A utilização do cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico de dupla pega no preenchimento de cavidade anoftálmica mostrou-se factível e é uma alternativa para melhorar a aparência estética após a enucleação

Avaliação do cimento de alfa-fosfato tricálcico em artrodeses tarsocrurais experimentais em cães

Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa estudar o comportamento e a bioatividade do cimento de alfa-fosfato tricalcico de dupla pega em artrodeses tarsocrurais. Utilizaram-se seis caes, adultos, macho ou femeas, sem raca definida, com idades entre dois e cinco anos e pesando entre 18 e 30 kg. Foram constituidos dois grupos com 3 animais cada: um grupo onde empregou-se o cimento de ¿-fosfato tricalcico de dupla pega (Grupo I) e outro utilizando osso esponjoso autogeno (Grupo II). A avaliacao radiografica ocorreu aos 30, 45, 60, 90 e 120 dias apos o procedimento cirurgico. Radiograficamente, a fusao dos ossos das articulacoes ocorreu em ambos os grupos apos o 30o dia, sem qualquer reacao adversa ou do tipo corpo estranho. A estabilidade das articulacoes foi satisfatoria com a utilizacao de fixadores esqueleticos externos. Histologicamente, aos 120 dias, observaram-se diferencas na maturidade das celulas osseas entre os dois grupos ocorrendo absorcao lenta e remodelacao da bioceramica (Grupo I). Relativamente a microscopia eletronica de varredura, foi observada formacao de osso novo diretamente na superficie da bioceramica, sem causar formacao de lacuna entre a interface osso-ceramica. O cimento de alfa-fosfato tricalcico de dupla pega demonstrou ter uma boa resistencia mecanica, propriedades de biocompatibilidade, crescimento osseo direto sobre a ceramica, osteoconducao e, ainda, ocorrencia de lenta absorcao quando comparado ao enxerto ósseo.The purpose of this research was to estuding the behaviour and bioactivity of the á-tricalcium phosphate cement double setting in tarsocrural arthrodesis. Therefore, six canines, both male and female adults mongrel dogs, aged between two and five years old and weighing between 12 and 18kg, were the objects of this study. They were vi divided into two groups with three animals each. On Group I á-tricalcium phosphate cement double setting was used. The Group II, also considered the control group, autogenous cancellous bone graft was used. The periods chosen for the radiographic analysis were 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 days after surgery. Radiographyc bone fusions on the joints were observed on both groups after 30 days. The stabilization of the joints with external fixators proved to be very satisfactory. No reaction of foreigh body or infection process due to the material used was observed. The histological analysis performed after 120 days after surgery revealed differences in terms of the maturity of the bone cells between the two groups, showing slow absorption and remodelling of the bioceramic (Group I). In terms of the scanning electronic microscopy, bone growth was detected, right on the surface of the bioceramic, without causing gap formation on the bone-ceramic joint. The á-tricalcium phosphate cement double setting demonstrated to have a good mechanical resistance, bioacompatibility properties, direct bone growth on the ceramic and osteocondution and, still, the occurrence of slow absorption when compared to the bone graft.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Utilização de hidroxiapatita para artrodeses em cães e gatos : ensaio clínico

Realizaram-se 25 artrodeses em 21 casos, quatro em gatos e 17 em cães, utilizando hidroxiapatita sintética como substituto ao enxerto ósseo autógeno esponjoso fresco, sendo oito na articulação do carpo, 10 na articulação do tarso, seis na do cotovelo e uma na do joelho. As avaliações radiográficas foram realizadas aos 30 dias em um animal, aos 45 dias em outro e aos 60 dias nos 19 casos restantes. Visibilizou-se união óssea em 24 artrodeses e a não-união em um cotovelo foi atribuída a falha na estabilização. O retorno à função do membro foi classificado de bom a excelente em 22 casos. A hidroxiapatita foi capaz de viabilizar o crescimento ósseo e mostrou-se factível para utilização na prática cirúrgica rotineira em pequenos animais.Twenty-five arthrodeses were performed in four cats and 17 dogs using synthetic hydroxyapatite as fresh autogenous graft cancellous bone substitute. Arthrodesis was performed in the carpal joint in eight cases, in the tarsal joint in 10, in the elbow joint in six, and in the knee joint in one case. The mean radiographic follow-up time was 30 days in one animal, 45 days in another animal and 60 days in the 19 remaining cases. Bone union was observed in 24 arthrodeses. Non-union of one elbow arthrodesis was due to failure of stabilization. Restoration of limb functionality was classified as good to excellent in 22 cases. Hydroxyapatite was able to promote bone growth and is suitable for using in routine surgical procedures for small animals

Arthrodesis of the carpus in cats associated with hydroxyapatite

Realizaram-se artrodeses carpais em dois gatos como forma de tratamento para alterações severas na articulação carpiana. A hidroxiapatita foi empregada para preenchimento do espaço articular do carpo. Os animais foram encaminhados ao Serviço de Ortopedia do Hospital Veterinário, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo - Brasil. O animal 1, Siamês, 10 anos de idade, apresentava apoio inadequado do membro torácico esquerdo, dor, hiperextensão, instabilidade, luxação, degeneração articular e osteartrite da articulação radiocárpica. O animal 2, sem raça definida, 8 meses de idade, apresentava apoio inadequado do membro torácico direito, hiperflexão da articulação cárpica, contração dos tendões da região carpiana, rotação externa do olécrano e o membro voltado para dentro. Foram aplicados fixadores esqueléticos externos (tipo IIb) com barras de polimetilmetacrilato, em ambos os casos. As avaliações clínicas e radiográficas após os procedimentos, demonstraram que a hidroxiapatita é uma alternativa promissora como substituto para os enxertos ósseos.Severe disorders of the carpus in two cats were treated with arthrodesis. Hydroxyapatite was usage in filling up of the joint space in the carpus. Both cats were sent to the Orthopedic Service of the Veterinary Hospital, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo - Brazil. The first cat, a Siamese, 10 years old, showed hyperextension movements and luxation of the carpus joint and pain with inadequate support of the left thoracic limb. It was also observed joint degeneration and osteoarthritis. The second animal, a domestic shorthair, 8 months of age, showed inadequate support of the right thoracic limb with hyperflexion of the carpus joint and contractures of the carpus flexor tendons. A modified trans-articular external skeletal fixator (tipe IIb) with methylmethacrylate bars was utilized in these cases. The clinical and radiographic evaluations of the joints after the surgical procedure proved that the hydroxyapatite can be used as an promising alternative to cancellous bone grafts

Rev. Bras. Saúde Prod. Anim.

p.541-549The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of type IIb external skeletal fixators with a transarticular pin in experimental tarsocrural arthrodesis. Twelve adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, ranging in age from two to five years and weighing 12 to 25kg, were used. The configuration of the fixator consisted in the application of a transarticular Steinmann pin and of centrally threaded pins to the proximal portion of the tibia and calcaneus and to the distal portion of the metatarsal bones. In addition, Schanz pins were inserted into the medial and lateral side of the tibia and into the medial side of the metatarsal bones. Radiographs were taken 15; 30 and 45 days after surgery. Bone fusion of the treated joints were observed at 30 days in all animals, and the implants were removed after 45 days. Loosening of the centrally threaded pins was observed in all groups, especially for those applied to the calcaneus. The configuration of the external fixator proposed here was found to be satisfactory in terms of bone union for all joints during the same period, irrespective of the weight of the animal.Salvado

Arthrodesis of the carpus in cats associated with hydroxyapatite

Realizaram-se artrodeses carpais em dois gatos como forma de tratamento para alterações severas na articulação carpiana. A hidroxiapatita foi empregada para preenchimento do espaço articular do carpo. Os animais foram encaminhados ao Serviço de Ortopedia do Hospital Veterinário, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo - Brasil. O animal 1, Siamês, 10 anos de idade, apresentava apoio inadequado do membro torácico esquerdo, dor, hiperextensão, instabilidade, luxação, degeneração articular e osteartrite da articulação radiocárpica. O animal 2, sem raça definida, 8 meses de idade, apresentava apoio inadequado do membro torácico direito, hiperflexão da articulação cárpica, contração dos tendões da região carpiana, rotação externa do olécrano e o membro voltado para dentro. Foram aplicados fixadores esqueléticos externos (tipo IIb) com barras de polimetilmetacrilato, em ambos os casos. As avaliações clínicas e radiográficas após os procedimentos, demonstraram que a hidroxiapatita é uma alternativa promissora como substituto para os enxertos ósseos.Severe disorders of the carpus in two cats were treated with arthrodesis. Hydroxyapatite was usage in filling up of the joint space in the carpus. Both cats were sent to the Orthopedic Service of the Veterinary Hospital, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo - Brazil. The first cat, a Siamese, 10 years old, showed hyperextension movements and luxation of the carpus joint and pain with inadequate support of the left thoracic limb. It was also observed joint degeneration and osteoarthritis. The second animal, a domestic shorthair, 8 months of age, showed inadequate support of the right thoracic limb with hyperflexion of the carpus joint and contractures of the carpus flexor tendons. A modified trans-articular external skeletal fixator (tipe IIb) with methylmethacrylate bars was utilized in these cases. The clinical and radiographic evaluations of the joints after the surgical procedure proved that the hydroxyapatite can be used as an promising alternative to cancellous bone grafts

Correction to: Photography-based method for assessing fluorescein clearance test in dogs

The original article [1] contained an error whereby the respective legends of Figs. 2 and 3 were mistakenly interchanged. This error has now been amended