Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

<p>Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.</p

Rates of admission for acute myocardial infarction and other acute and sub-acute forms of ischemic heart diseases during the ban period compared with the pre-ban period, by gender and age.

<p>Results adjusted for long-term trends and seasonality. Italy 2002–2006.</p><p>RR: Rate Ratio.</p><p>95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Effect of the smoking ban on different age groups.

<p>Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals of hospital admissions for acute coronary events during the ban period compared with the pre-ban period by age groups. Results adjusted for long-term trends and seasonality. Italy, 2002–2006.</p

PRISMA Flow-Diagram of the systematic review.

<p><i>Form</i>: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). <i>P</i>referred <i>R</i>eporting <i>i</i>tems for <i>S</i>ystematic Reviews and <i>Meta</i>-<i>A</i>nalyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097" target="_blank">10.1371/journal.pmed1000097</a>. <b>For more information, visit</b><a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org" target="_blank">www.prisma-statement.org</a>.</p

Random effects meta-analysis of the association between use of ADs and incidence of diabetes.

<p>Random effects meta-analysis of the association between use of ADs and incidence of diabetes.</p

The risk of new-onset diabetes in antidepressant users – A systematic review and meta-analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Antidepressant Drugs (ADs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in developed countries. The available epidemiological evidence suggests an association between AD use and higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, some methodological issues make the interpretation of these results difficult. Moreover, very recent studies provided conflicting results. Given the high prevalence of both diabetes and AD use in many countries, clarifying whether this association is causal is of extreme relevance for the public health. The aim of the present study is to provide an up-to-date evaluation of the evidence in support of a causal role of ADs in inducing diabetes.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies in MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) through 31^st December 2016. Only studies assessing the incidence of new-onset diabetes in subjects treated with ADs were included. Results were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Moreover, we extensively reviewed the role of the different sources of bias that have been proposed to explain the association between AD and diabetes. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. In the meta-analysis, the association between AD use and diabetes was still evident after the inclusion of the recent negative studies [pooled relative risk = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.35; p<0.001]. None of the biases proposed by previous authors seemed able to fully explain the observed association.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This updated meta-analysis confirms the association between AD use and incident diabetes. It still remains a matter of debate whether single ADs exert a different effect on the risk of diabetes. Given the possible heterogeneity, we suggest that a classification of ADs according to their pharmacological profiles could be useful in better elucidating the nature of this association.</p></div

Rates of admission for acute coronary events during the ban period compared with the pre-ban period by gender and age.

<p>Results adjusted for long-term trends and seasonality. Italy 2002–2006.</p><p>RR: Rate Ratio.</p><p>95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Overall and subgroup analyses of the association between use of ADs and incidence of diabetes.

<p>Overall and subgroup analyses of the association between use of ADs and incidence of diabetes.</p

Hospital admissions for Acute Coronary Events (ACEs) in Italy during the period 2002–2006.

<p>Observed (circles) and predicted (solid lines) standardised rates among persons under 70 years of age (A) and persons aged at least 70 years (B). The dashed lines represent the deseasonalised trend of ACEs before and after the introduction of the national smoking regulation.</p

Number of hospital admissions for acute coronary events in Italy, and age-standardised rates (cases/100,000) by year and age group, 2002–2006.

<p>*Age-standardised according to the European Standard Population <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0017419#pone.0017419-Doll1" target="_blank">[33]</a>.</p><p>†December 2006 was not included in the calculations to avoid loss of information for patients admitted in December 2006 and discharged in 2007.</p